史前人类对动物骨骼油脂的开发和利用

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0030

人类学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (03): 503-512.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0030

史前人类对动物骨骼油脂的开发和利用

戴静雯¹^,²^,³(), 张双权¹^,²^,³, 张乐¹^,²()

1.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044
2.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心,北京 100044
3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049

收稿日期:2020-11-25 修回日期:2021-01-07 出版日期:2021-06-15 发布日期:2021-06-24
通讯作者: 张乐
作者简介:戴静雯（1997-）,女,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所硕士研究生,主要从事埋藏学与旧石器时代动物考古学研究。Email： daijingwen@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目(41772025);国家自然科学基金面上项目(41672023);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类)(XDB26000000)

Exploitation of animal bone fat by prehistoric human

DAI Jingwen¹^,²^,³(), ZHANG Shuangquan¹^,²^,³, ZHANG Yue¹^,²()

1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
2. Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Received:2020-11-25 Revised:2021-01-07 Online:2021-06-15 Published:2021-06-24
Contact: ZHANG Yue

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

动物骨骼油脂的开发和利用是史前人类生存活动的重要组成部分。西方学者的研究表明,这一过程可能包含了敲骨取髓和骨脂提取两种不同的人类行为。相较于敲骨取髓,骨脂提取更为复杂,不仅要将骨骼砸碎成较小尺寸,还要加水煮沸骨骼碎片,过程中不断添冷水使水保持温和沸腾的状态,才能获得浮于水面的骨脂。目前,国内学者在此领域的研究多关注于前一行为而对后者鲜有论述。本文通过对相关科学文献的全面梳理,系统介绍了史前人类骨脂提取行为的鉴定分析手段和方法,进而探讨了这一行为在古人类资源利用程度、流动性、用火方式和烹饪技术等方面的指示意义与价值。

关键词: 骨骼油脂, 骨脂, 动物考古学, 埋藏学, 流动性

Abstract:

The exploitation of bone fat plays an important role in prehistoric human subsistence and it has been suggested that this process may involve two different human behaviors: bone marrow extraction and bone grease processing. Bone grease processing is a labor-intensitive activity which takes a lot of time and energy. The process of rendering the grease begins with smashing animal bones into small pieces. The spongy bone fragments are then placed into a container with water and bring to a simmer. The grease will rise to the surface as the bone fragments simmering and can be skimmed off with a dipper. However, compared to their western counterparts, archaeologists in China have hardly ever addressed the latter. In this paper, based on a thorough review of published papers in this field, we present the ways employed by scholars to identify the presence of this behavior and further discuss its archaeological implications in prehistoric themes, e.g., the intensity of human resource exploitation, mobility pattern and cooking technology.

Key words: Bone fat, Bone grease, Zooarchaeology, Taphonomy, Mobility

中图分类号:

Q915.86

戴静雯, 张双权, 张乐. 史前人类对动物骨骼油脂的开发和利用[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(03): 503-512.

DAI Jingwen, ZHANG Shuangquan, ZHANG Yue. Exploitation of animal bone fat by prehistoric human[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(03): 503-512.

参考文献 72

[1]	Binford LR. Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1978
[2]	Vehik SC. Bone fragments and bone grease manufacturing: a review of theirarchaeological use and potential[J]. Plains Anthropologist, 1977,22(77):169-182 doi: 10.1080/2052546.1977.11908805 URL
[3]	De Heinzelin J, Clark JD, White T, et al. Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids[J]. Science, 1999,284(5414):625-629 doi: 10.1126/science.284.5414.625 URL
[4]	O’Connell JF, Hawkes K, Jones NB. Hadza Hunting, Butchering, and Bone Transport and Their Archaeological Implications[J]. Journal of Anthropological Research, 1988,44(2):113-155 doi: 10.1086/jar.44.2.3630053 URL
[5]	O’Connell JF, Hawkes K, Blurton Jones N. Reanalysis of large mammal body part transport among the Hadza[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1990,17(3):301-316 doi: 10.1016/0305-4403(90)90025-Z URL
[6]	Yellen JE. Small mammals: !Kung San utilization and the production of faunal assemblages[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1991,10(1):1-26 doi: 10.1016/0278-4165(91)90019-T URL
[7]	Yellen JE. Small mammals: Post-discard patterning of !Kung San faunal remains[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1991,10(2):152-192 doi: 10.1016/0278-4165(91)90018-S URL
[8]	Yellen JE. Cultural patterning in faunal remains: evidence from the !Kung bushmen[A]. In: Yellen J E, Ingersoll D, Macdonald W. In Experimental archaeology[M]. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977: 271-331
[9]	Leechman D. Bone grease[J]. American Antiquity, 1951,16(4):355-356 doi: 10.2307/276988 URL
[10]	Munro ND, Bar-Oz G. Gazelle bone fat processing in the Levantine Epipalaeolithic[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2005,32(2):223-239 doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2004.08.007 URL
[11]	Peale TR. On the Uses of the Brain and Marrow of Animals Among the Indians of North America[M]. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1871
[12]	Morin E, Soulier MC. New Criteria for the Archaeological Identification of Bone Grease Processing[J]. American Antiquity, 2017,82(1):96-122 doi: 10.1017/aaq.2016.16 URL
[13]	Bunn HT. Archaeological evidence for meat-eating by Plio-Pleistocene hominids from Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge[J]. Nature, 1981,291(5816):574-577 doi: 10.1038/291574a0 URL
[14]	Blumenschine RJ. Percussion Marks, Tooth Marks, and Experimental Determinations of the Timing of Hominid and Carnivore Access to Long Bones at Flk Zinjanthropus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 1995,29(1):21-51 doi: 10.1006/jhev.1995.1046 URL
[15]	Blumenschine RJ, Marean CW, Capaldo SD. Blind Tests of Inter-analyst Correspondence and Accuracy in the Identification of Cut Marks, Percussion Marks, and Carnivore Tooth Marks on Bone Surfaces[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1996,23(4):493-507 doi: 10.1006/jasc.1996.0047 URL
[16]	Capaldo SD, Blumenschine RJ. A Quantitative Diagnosis of Notches Made by Hammerstone Percussion and Carnivore Gnawing on Bovid Long Bones[J]. American Antiquity, 1994,59(4):724-748 doi: 10.2307/282345 URL
[17]	张乐. 旧石器时代古人类敲骨取髓行为的确认——以马鞍山遗址为例[J]. 第四纪研究, 2014,34(1):141-148
[18]	王晓敏. 冰消期泥河湾盆地古人类的生存策略:于家沟遗址的动物考古学研究[D]. 北京:中国科学院大学, 2017
[19]	McCullough DR, Ullrey DE. Proximate Mineral and Gross Energy Composition of White-Tailed Deer[J]. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 1983,47(2):430-441
[20]	Soppela P, Nieminen M. The effect of wintertime undernutrition on the fatty acid composition of leg bone marrow fats in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)[J]. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 2001,128(1):63-72 doi: 10.1016/S1096-4959(00)00297-9 URL
[21]	Speth JD, Spielmann KA. Energy source, protein metabolism, and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1983,2(1):1-31 doi: 10.1016/0278-4165(83)90006-5 URL
[22]	Erasmus U. Fats and Oils: The Complete Guide to Fats and Oils in Health and Nutrition[M]. Vancouver: Alive Books, 1986
[23]	Mead JF, Alfin-Slater RB, Howton DR, et al. Lipids - Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Nutrition[M]. New York: Plenum Press, 1986
[24]	王瑞元, 李子明. 油脂的营养与强化[J]. 中国油脂, 2007,32(2):7-11
[25]	Speth JD. When did humans learn to boil[J]. PaleoAnthropology, 2015, 54-67
[26]	Speth JD. The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting[M]. 2010
[27]	Morin E. Fat composition and Nunamiut decision-making: a new look at the marrow and bone grease indices[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2007,34(1):69-82 doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.015 URL
[28]	Meng MS, West GC, Irving L. Fatty acid composition of caribou bone marrow[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 1969,30(1):187-191 pmid: 5804481
[29]	Sales-Campos H, Reis de Souza P, Crema Peghini B, et al. An Overview of the Modulatory Effects of Oleic Acid in Health and Disease[J]. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2013,13(2):201-210
[30]	Blumenschine RJ, Madrigal TC. Variability in Long Bone Marrow Yields of East African Ungulates and its Zooarchaeological Implications[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1993,20(5):555-587 doi: 10.1006/jasc.1993.1034 URL
[31]	Lupo KD. Experimentally Derived Extraction Rates for Marrow: Implications for Body Part Exploitation Strategies of Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Scavengers[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1998,25(7):657-675 doi: 10.1006/jasc.1997.0261 URL
[32]	Speth JD. Seasonality, resource stress, and food sharing in so-called egalitarian foraging societies[J]. 1990,9(2):144-188
[33]	Saint-Germain C. The Production of Bone Broth a Study in Nutritional Exploitation[J]. Anthropozoologica, 1997,25:153-156
[34]	Bar-Oz G, Munro ND. Gazelle bone marrow yields and Epipalaeolithic carcass exploitation strategies in the southern Levant[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2007,34(6):946-956 doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.09.006 URL
[35]	Douglas BJ. Prehistoric Bone Grease Production in Wisconsin ‘ s Driftless Area A Review of the Evidence and Its Implications[D]. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2009
[36]	Church RR, Lyman RL. Small fragments make small differences in efficiency when rendering grease from fractured artiodactyl bones by boiling[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2003,30(8):1077-1084 doi: 10.1016/S0305-4403(03)00010-4 URL
[37]	Janzen A, Reid REB, Vasquez A, et al. Smaller fragment size facilitates energy-efficient bone grease production[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2014,49:518-523 doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2014.06.004 URL
[38]	Morin E. Revisiting Bone Grease Rendering in Highly Fragmented Assemblages[J]. American Antiquity, 2020,85(3):535-553 doi: 10.1017/aaq.2020.29 URL
[39]	Pasda K, Odgaard U. Nothing is wasted: The ideal “nothing is wasted” and divergence in past and present among caribou hunters in Greenland[J]. Quaternary International, 2011,238(1-2):35-43 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.12.036 URL
[40]	Costamagno S. Bone Grease Rendering in Mousterian Contexts: The Case of Noisetier Cave (Fréchet-Aure, Hautes-Pyrénées, France)[M]. Zooarchaeology and Modern Human Origins. 2013: 209-225
[41]	Castel JC, Discamps E, Soulier M-C, et al. Neandertal subsistence strategies during the Quina Mousterian at Roc de Marsal (France)[J]. Quaternary International, 2017,433(B):140-156 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.033 URL
[42]	Ngan JH, Fok PJ, Lai EC, et al. A prospective study on fish bone ingestion. Experience of 358 patients[J]. Ann Surg, 1990,211(4):459-462 pmid: 2322040
[43]	Sung SH, Jeon SW, Son HS, et al. Factors predictive of risk for complications in patients with oesophageal foreign bodies[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2011,43(8):632-635 doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.02.018 URL
[44]	Committee ASoP, Ikenberry SO, Jue TL, et al. Management of ingested foreign bodies and food impactions[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 2011,73(6):1085-1091 doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.11.010 URL
[45]	Wilson GL. The Horse and Dog in Hidatsa Culture[M]. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1924
[46]	Lupo KD, Schmitt DN. Experiments in Bone Boiling Nutritional Returns and Archaeological Reflections[J]. Anthropozoologica, 1997,25(26):137-144
[47]	Karr LP, Short AEG, Adrien Hannus L, et al. A bone grease processing station at the Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village: Archaeological evidence for the exploitation of bone fats[J]. Environmental Archaeology, 2014,20(1):1-12 doi: 10.1179/1749631414Y.0000000035 URL
[48]	Brink JW, Dawe B. Hot Rocks as Scarce Resources: The Use, Re-Use and Abandonment of Heating Stones at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump[J]. Plains Anthropologist, 2003,48(186):85-104 doi: 10.1080/2052546.2003.11949298 URL
[49]	Outram AK. A New Approach to Identifying Bone Marrow and Grease Exploitation: Why the “Indeterminate” Fragments should not be Ignored[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2001,28(4):401-410 doi: 10.1006/jasc.2000.0619 URL
[50]	Manne Manne, Stiner MC, Bicho NF. Evidence for bone grease rendering during the Upper Paleolithic at Vale Boi (Algarve, Portugal); proceedings of the Animais Na Pré-História e Arqueologia Da Península Ibérica, F, 2006[C]. Promontorio Monográfica 3.2005
[51]	Manne T. Early Upper Paleolithic bone processing and insights into small-scale storage of fats at Vale Boi, southern Iberia[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2014,44:111-123
[52]	Morin E. Rethinking the emergence of bone grease procurement[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2020,59
[53]	Peres TM. Zooarchaeological Approaches to the Identification of Bone Fat Production in the Archaeological Record[J]. Ethnobiology Letters, 2018,9(2):107-109 doi: 10.14237/ebl.9.2.2018 URL
[54]	Wood WR. Nots on the bison bone from the Paul Brave, Huff, and Demery sites[J]. Plains Anthropologist, 1962,7(17):201-204
[55]	Zierhut NW. Bone breaking activities of the Calling Lake Cree[J]. 1967,1:33-36
[56]	Spector JD. Crabapple Point(Je 93): An Historic Winnebago Indian Site in Jefferson County, Wisconsin[J]. Wisconsin Archaeologist, 1975,56:270-345
[57]	Brink JW. Fat Content in Leg Bones ofBison bison, and Applications to Archaeology[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1997,24(3):259-274 doi: 10.1006/jasc.1996.0109 URL
[58]	Outram AK. The identification and Palaeoeconomic context of prehistoric bone marrow and grease exploitation[D]. Durham University, 1998
[59]	Logan B. The Fat of the Land: White Rock Phase Bison Hunting and Grease Production[J]. Plains Anthropologist, 1998,43(166):349-366 doi: 10.1080/2052546.1998.11931906 URL
[60]	Wolverton S. NISP:MNE and %Whole in Analysis of Prehistoric Carcass Exploitation[J]. North American Archaeologist, 2002,23(2):85-100 doi: 10.2190/EGDQ-CQ1Q-LLD2-H3TP URL
[61]	Gifford-Gonzalez D, Bonnichsen R, Sorg MH. Ethnographic analogues for interpreting modified bones some cases from East Africa[M]. Bone modification. Center for the study of the first Americans, Orono, University of Maine (Orono, Maine). 1989: 179-246
[62]	Outram AK. Comparing Levels of Subsistence Stress amongst Norse Settlers in Iceland and Greenland using Levels of Bone Fat Exploitation as an Indicator[J]. Environmental Archaeology, 2003,8(2):119-128 doi: 10.1179/env.2003.8.2.119 URL
[63]	Karr LP, Outram AK, Adrien Hannus L. A Chronology of Bone Marrow and Bone Grease Exploitation at the Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village[J]. Plains Anthropologist, 2010,55(215):215-223 doi: 10.1179/pan.2010.019 URL
[64]	Kent S. Variability in Faunal Assemblages: The Influence of Hunting Skill, Sharing, Dogs, and Mode of Cooking on Faunal Remains at a Sedentary Kalahari Community[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1993,12(4):323-385 doi: 10.1006/jaar.1993.1010 URL
[65]	Stiner MC, Munro ND, Surovell TA, et al. Paleolithic population growth pulses evidenced by small animal exploitation[J]. Science, 1999,283(5399):190-194 doi: 10.1126/science.283.5399.190 URL
[66]	Stiner, Munro, Surovell. The Tortoise and the Hare: Small-Game Use, the Broad-Spectrum Revolution, and Paleolithic Demography[J]. Current Anthropology, 2000,41(1):39 doi: 10.1086/300102 URL
[67]	Ugan A. Climate, bone density, and resource depression: What is driving variation in large and small game in Fremont archaeofaunas?[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2005,24(3):227-251 doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2005.05.002 URL
[68]	Prince P. Determinants and Implications of Bone Grease Rendering: A Pacific Northwest Example[J]. North American Archaeologist, 2007,28(1):1-28 doi: 10.2190/NA.28.1.a URL
[69]	Pryor AJE. Following the FatFood and Mobility in the European Upper Palaeolithic 45,000 to 18,000 BP[J]. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 2008,23(2):161-179
[70]	Lyman RL. Vertebrate taphonomy[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
[71]	Roberts SJ, Smith CI, Millard A, et al. The taphonomy of cooked bone: characterizing boiling and its physico-chemical effects[J]. Archaeometry, 2002,44(3):485-494 doi: 10.1111/arch.2002.44.issue-3 URL
[72]	张双权. 旧石器遗址动物骨骼表面非人工痕迹研究及其考古学意义[J]. 第四纪研究, 2014,34(1):131-140

史前人类对动物骨骼油脂的开发和利用

Exploitation of animal bone fat by prehistoric human

在线阅读

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献 72

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	杜雨薇, 张乐, 叶芷, 裴树文. 蔚县盆地吉家庄旧石器遗址动物骨骼的埋藏学分析[J]. 人类学学报, 2023, 42(03): 359-372.
[2]	王晓敏, 王法岗, 陈福友, 李锋, 高星. 泥河湾盆地板井子晚更新世遗址古人类对动物资源的消费策略[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(06): 1005-1016.
[3]	杜雨薇, 丁馨, 裴树文. 浅议古人类活动遗址的动物埋藏学研究方法[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(03): 523-534.
[4]	赵潮. 从石制品技术特征视角探讨史前狩猎采集者的流动性[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(02): 370-380.
[5]	黄超, 张双权. X射线衍射技术在烧骨实验研究中的初步应用[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(03): 513-525.
[6]	黄超, 张双权. 旧石器遗址出土烧骨的技术分析及其对考古学的启示[J]. 人类学学报, 2020, 39(02): 249-260.
[7]	张萌, 陈淳. 宾福德的周口店埋藏学研究与旧石器考古学理论建构[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(04): 536-546.
[8]	张双权, 宋艳花, 张乐, 许乐, 李磊, 石金鸣. 柿子滩遗址第9地点出土的动物烧骨[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(04): 598-612.
[9]	张乐, 张双权, 高星. 地理信息系统在动物考古学研究中的应用：以贵州马鞍山遗址出土的动物遗存为例[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(03): 407-418.
[10]	张双权, 彭菲, 张乐, 郭家龙, 王惠民, 黄超, 戴静雯, 张钰哲, 高星. 宁夏鸽子山遗址第10地点出土动物骨骼的埋藏学初步观察[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(02): 232-244.
[11]	栗静舒;张双权;高星;Henry T.Bunn. 许家窑遗址马科动物的死亡年龄[J]. 人类学学报, 2017, 36(01): 62-73.
[12]	何嘉宁. 军都山古代人群运动模式及生活方式的时序性变化[J]. 人类学学报, 2016, 35(02): 238-245.
[13]	张双权;高星;陈福友;李俨;张乐;张晓凌;栗静舒. 周口店第一地点西剖面2009-2010年发掘报告[J]. 人类学学报, 2016, 35(01): 63-75.
[14]	陈曦;同号文. 泥河湾山神庙嘴化石点直隶狼埋藏学研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2015, 34(04): 553-564.
[15]	张双权;裴树文;张乐;王惠民;高星. 水洞沟遗址第7地点动物化石初步研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2014, 33(03): 343-354.