黑龙江查哈阳农场石制品的剥片与修理技术

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

查哈阳农场位于黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市甘南县，地处松嫩平原西缘的嫩江右岸。本文以2018年在查哈阳农场太平湖管理区第八作业区东北的E2地点试掘的石制品为研究对象，从石核的剥片和石器修理的角度对石制品进行技术分析。石核、石片以及石器分析显示，E2地点存在两种剥片技术体系：一是简单剥片技术体系，该技术不存在剥片前对核体的预制过程，以片状石核、大量不规则的石片以及修理程度较低的石器为代表；二是系统剥片技术体系，该技术以剥离石叶（长石片）为最终目的，存在剥片前对核体“几何组织结构”的修型、预制现象，同时伴随台面的预制修理。E2地点的石制品技术分析，可为嫩江流域旧石器时代晚期石器工业面貌的揭示和技术变化的探讨提供新的材料与线索。

关键词: 嫩江流域, 查哈阳, 石制品, 技术, 晚更新世

Abstract:

The Chahayang state-run farm is located in Gannan County, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, on the right bank of the Nenjiang River in the western margin of the Songnan Plain. The Palaeolithic archaeological field work and systematic excavations in Heilongjiang Province started in the 1930s. Thus far, more than 100 sites or localities have been reported or published, mainly for the Upper Palaeolithic. A new field survey was conducted in Gannan County in 2017 jointly by the Institute of Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, and the Heilongjiang Provincial Archaeology and Cultural Relics Institute. Upper Palaeolithic deposits and local jasper raw materials were found in a large area around Taipinghu Reservoir. In 2018, an excavation was conducted at a locality, named the Chahayang E2 locality in the Northeast Eighth Operation Area of the Taipinghu Reservoir Administrative Region (48°23′N, 124°1′E, H 295m) of this Farm. A total of 4624 stone artifacts were discovered including cores (n=23), complete flakes (267), micro-flaked flakes (10), blades (6), scrapers (9), fragments (126), chunks (156), and blanks (3096). The lithic assemblage is mainly produced by direct hammer percussion. This paper describes two distinct technological assemblages. A flake technology that is the local and dominant assemblage in North China, characterized by free-hand core reduction without preparation and simple tool modification. The other is blade technology represented by blade cores with platform preparation and working surfaces for the production of blades. The shapes of blade cores are varied, including wedge, prismatic and narrow-faced. Modified tools are represented by scrapers. Heavy duty tools are not evident at this site or in the surrounding area. This technological study provides a new reference for the origin, dispersal and development of blade technology in the Nenjiang River Basin. The period dates from the end of late Pleistocene to the early Holocene when environmental changes were severe, and the value of this work is in recognizing the evolution of cultural change in northeast China, and furthering discussion of migration dispersal and cultural diffusion in northeast Asia.

Key words: Nenjiang River, Chahayang, lithics, technology, Late Pleistocene

中图分类号:

K871.11

张雪微, 王春雪, 李有骞. 黑龙江查哈阳农场石制品的剥片与修理技术[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(06): 967-981.

ZHANG Xuewei, WANG Chunxue, LI Youqian. Core reduction and modification of stone artifacts from Chahayang farm, Heilongjiang[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(06): 967-981.

图/表 15

图1 查哈阳农场境内发现石制品的地点

Fig.1 Stone artifact localities discovered in the Chahayang state-run farm area

图2 查哈阳E2地点试掘地层及原料产地位置

Fig.2 Excavation location and stratigraphic deposit in the Chahayang E2 locality

表1 查哈阳E2地点所得石制品数量及占比

Tab.1 Quantity and percentage of stone artifacts collected from the Chahayang E2 locality

类型Categories		数量Number	占比Percentage
石核Cores	石叶状石核Blade-cores	21	0.45%
石核Cores	片状石核Flake-cores	12	0.26%
剥坯产品Debitage products	完整石片Complete flakes	267	5.77%
	有微细剥离痕的石片Micro flaking flakes	10	0.22%
	石叶Blades	6	0.13%
石器Retouched tools	边刮器Scrapers	9	0.19%
其他Other	断片Fragments	126	2.72%
	断块Chunks	156	3.37%
	岩块Blanks	4017	86.89%
总计Total		4624	100%

图3 片状石核及剥离形态模式图[25] 1. 18TB:4067, Type I1型；2. 18TB:F129, Type II型；3. 18TB:E3171, Type I2型;4.并列剥离parataxis debitage；5, 6.交互剥离interaction debitage

Fig.3 Flake-cores and form of debitage[25]

图4 查哈阳E2地点的完整石片

Fig.4 Complete flakes from the Chahayang E2 locality

图5 查哈阳E2地点的A类叶状石核

Fig.5 Type A blade-core from the Chahayang E2 locality

图6 查哈阳E2地点的B类叶状石核

Fig.6 Type B blade-core from the Chahayang E2 locality

图7 查哈阳E2地点的C类叶状石核

Fig.7 Type C blade-core from the Chahayang E2 locality

图8 查哈阳E2地点的叶状石核剥离形态模式图 1-4.并列剥离parataxis debitage；5、6.交互剥离interaction debitage

Fig.8 Blade-cores debitage from the Chahayang E2 locality[25]

图9 查哈阳E2地点的石核保留石片疤方向示意图 a1-a3.单向unidirectional flaking；b.对向opposite flaking；c.转向alternate flaking；d.向心centripetal flaking

Fig.9 Core retaining flakes scar direction from the Chahayang E2 locality

图10 查哈阳E2地点的石叶 1、2.完整石叶complete blades；3.鸡冠状石叶近端proximal part of crested blade；4.石叶近端proximal part of blade

Fig.10 Blades from the Chahayang E2 locality

图11 查哈阳E2地点的石器

Fig.11 Stone tools from the Chahayang E2 locality

表2 查哈阳E2地点的石器与完整石片平均大小的对比

Tab.2 Comparison of average tool size and complete flakes from the Chahayang E2 locality

项目Item	类型Categories	平均值Average(mm)	标准差Standard deviation(mm)	变异系数CV
石器Tools	长度Length	27.5	6.5	0.2
	宽度Width	31	6.2	0.2
	厚度Thickness	10.5	2.7	0.3
完整石片Complete Flakes	长度Length	21.2	6.6	0.3
	宽度Width	24.8	9.1	0.4
	厚度Thickness	6.5	3.2	0.5

图12 查哈阳E2地点的石器加工长度和深度指数

Fig.12 Retouch length and sharpening index of tools from the Chahayang E2 locality

图13 查哈阳农场中心料场的原料

Fig.13 Raw materials of central stockyard of the Chahayang farm

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