线粒体全基因组揭示嫩江流域史前人群遗传结构的动态变化

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0058

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

嫩江流域是中国东北地区古代先民的重要栖息地之一。自新石器时代开始这里的先民一直以渔猎经济为主要生活方式,直到新石器时代晚期至早期青铜时代才开始兼营畜牧业和少量的种植业。嫩江流域青铜时代的生业模式的转变是否伴随着外来人群的融合与替代一直是考古研究的热点。为了探讨嫩江流域新石器时代与青铜铁器时代人群的构成是否改变,我们对嫩江流域新石器时代至青铜铁器时代的24个个体进行了线粒体全基因组分析。分析结果表明：嫩江流域青铜铁器时代人群与新石器时代人群具有一定遗传连续性的同时,晚期人群与西辽河地区古代人群有着更近的遗传联系,表明西辽河地区古代居民对嫩江流域青铜铁器时代人群具有部分遗传贡献。结合考古学文化、古气候学数据以及语言学证据,我们推测距今4000-3000年间,西辽河地区古代居民曾迁入到嫩江流域,并留下遗传印记。

关键词: 嫩江流域, 古DNA, 线粒体全基因组, 遗传结构

Abstract:

The Nenjiang River valley is one of the most important settlements for ancient Chinese people in northeast China. Archaeological research demonstrates that the inhabitants had practiced mixed hunting-gathering-fishing since the Neolithic Age, only began to engage in animal husbandry and limited millet cultivation until the late Neolithic Age and early Bronze Age. A problem remained about whether it was a transfer of culture and technology or if it involved the migration of people who experimented with animal husbandry and limited millet cultivation and then brought them to Nenjiang River valley. Here we successfully sequenced 24 complete mitochondrial DNA genomes of 11000 to 2000-year-old humans from the Nenjiang River Valley. The results show that the Bronze / Iron Age populations of Nenjiang River valley matrilineal received partial contribution from the populations of the West Liao River, despite some level of continuity between Neolithic Age groups and Bronze / Iron Age. Combining paleoclimatology, archaeology, and linguistics, we estimate that the ancient people of West Liao River had migrated to the Nenjiang River valley carried their cultural techniques and languages between 4,000 and 3,000 years ago.

Key words: Nenjiang River valley, Ancient DNA, Mitogenomes, Genetic Structure

中图分类号:

Q986

李春香, 张帆, 马鹏程, 王立新, 崔银秋. 线粒体全基因组揭示嫩江流域史前人群遗传结构的动态变化[J]. 人类学学报, 2020, 39(04): 695-705.

LI Chunxiang, ZHANG Fan, MA Pengcheng, WANG Lixin, CUI Yinqiu. Ancient mitogenomes reveals Holocene human population history in the Nenjiang River valley[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2020, 39(04): 695-705.

图/表 7

图1 本研究所收集古代样本的遗址地理位置 1.大古堆遗址;2.洪河村遗址;3.后套木嘎遗址;4.蘑菇山鲜卑遗址;5.扎赉诺尔遗址;6.五七农场遗址

Fig.1 Geographic map showing the sampling locations.

表1 本研究中考古样本背景信息

Tab.1 The archeological information of samples in this study

	遗址名称	年代（cal BP）	样本数量（个）	年代参考文献
新石器时代	后套木嘎遗址	11000-6000	6	[8]
	扎赉诺尔遗址	5500-5300	1	[9]
	黑龙江五七农场遗址	5500-5300	1	[9]
	洪河村遗址	4000	4	[7]
青铜铁器时代	后套木嘎遗址	4000-2000	6	[8]
	黑龙江大古堆遗址	2500-2000	2	[16]
	内蒙古蘑菇山遗址	2000	3	[9]
	扎赉诺尔遗址	2000-2200	1	[9]

表2 嫩江流域古代人群线粒体全基因组检测结果

Tab.2 The results of mitogenomes of ancient individuals of Neijiang River in this study

样本编号	考古遗址	线粒体测序深度	线粒体污染率	线粒体单倍群
HT-M45	后套木嘎遗址	853.3641	0.008	D4h1+12396C
HT-M89	后套木嘎遗址	68.0831	0.016	A+152C
HT-M80	后套木嘎遗址	55.223	0.012	D4e5a
HT-M91	后套木嘎遗址	28.4945	0.032	Y1a
HT-M54A	后套木嘎遗址	21.8996	0.058	B4c1a2
HT-M94	后套木嘎遗址	4.7071	0.037	D4c1b
HQHM2	洪河村遗址	52.0482	0.008	D4c1b
HQHM3	洪河村遗址	17.6003	0.009	D4j
HQHM4	洪河村遗址	59.4463	0.022	D4b2a
HQHM5	洪河村遗址	20.8831	0.016	D4
ZLNR-2	扎赉诺尔遗址	16.6342	0.014	C5
WQM4	五七农场遗址	16.9741	0.015	C4a1a
HT-M74A	后套木嘎遗址	72.9727	0.019	C4a2a1
HT-M25B	后套木嘎遗址	46.2914	0.034	D4c2b
HT-M69B	后套木嘎遗址	44.3536	0.092	G2a1
HT-M74B	后套木嘎遗址	30.9066	0.017	G2a1
HT-M69A	后套木嘎遗址	23.8907	0.046	B4c1a2
HT-M69C	后套木嘎遗址	5.6121	0.042	F1b1e
DGDM104	大古堆遗址	59.44631	0.026	M8*
DGDM105	大古堆遗址	20.883	0.01	D4m
ZLNR-1	扎赉诺尔遗址	5.7467	0.012	N9a9
MGS-M6	内蒙古蘑菇山	19.3666	0.009	C5a1
MGS-M7L	内蒙古蘑菇山	22.2542	0.006	Z3a1
MGS-M7R	内蒙古蘑菇山	33.9752	0.015	C4a1a4a

图2 嫩江流域古代人群与其他古代及现代人群线粒体单倍群频率示意图横坐标为各个比较人群,纵坐标为单倍型频率,不同的颜色代表不同的线粒体单倍群

Fig.2 Relationship between ancient NenJiang River populations and other populations based on haplogroup frequencies The abscissa is the comparison populations, and the ordinate is the frequency of haplogroups. Different colors represent different haplogroups of mitochondria DNA

图3 嫩江流域古代人群与相关古代人群主成分分析嫩江流域早期人群所处的遗传聚类用浅蓝色表示,嫩江流域晚期人群所处的遗传聚类用浅黄色表示

Fig.3 PCA plot based on haplogroup frequencies of Nenjing River populations and other ancient populations calculated using The genetic cluster of the early Nenjiang River population is shown in light blue and the genetic cluster of the later Nenjiang River population is shown in light yellow

图4 基于单倍群B4c1a序列的统计学分析 A）单倍群B4c1a2的中介网络图/The network of haplogroup B4cla2;B)单倍群B4c1的贝叶斯Skyline曲线 The Bayesian Skyline plots of Haplogroup B4c1 showing the maternal effective population size history;C)单倍群B4c1序列的贝叶斯树,分支上的数字代表分支的分歧时间,其中B4c1a2的共祖时间是大约距今8567年

Fig.4 Statistical analyses based on the sequences of Haplogroup B4c1a The Bayesian tree for sequences from Haplogroup B4c1. The long of line is the years before present, the number is the age for the divergence age for the clade and the coalescence time of B4c1a2 was 8560 years ago, the individuals are colored according to different origin

图5 基于单倍群N9a序列的统计学分析 (A) 单倍群N9a序列的贝叶斯树,分支上的数字代表分支的分歧时间, 不同地理来源的个体应用不同的颜色表示,每个个体的Genbank 号见附图3.(B)单倍群N9a的贝叶斯Skyline曲线.(C)单倍群N9a的中介网络图,数字代表共享此单倍型的个体数量

Fig.5 Statistical analyses based on the sequences of Haplogroup N9a (A)The Bayesian tree for sequences from Haplogroup N9a. The long of line is the years before present, the number is the age for the divergence age for the clade, the individuals are colored according to different origin, the Genbank number for every individual was shown in Supplementary Fig S3. (B) The Bayesian Skyline plots of Haplogroup N9a showing the maternal effective population size history. (C)The Network of Haplogroup N9a. Haplotypes where the number of Shared individuals is greater than one are numbered

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