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    15 March 1985, Volume 4 Issue 01
    A new adapid primate from the Lufeng Miocene, Yunnan
    Rukang (Woo Ju-kang), Pan Yuerong
    1985, 4(01):  1-6. 
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    Two fragments of mandible, one left with P4—M2 and the other right with M1-M3, of the same individual (PA 885, holotype) , assigned to a new form of adapid, Sinoadapis carnosus gen. et sp. nov. were described in this paper.
    About 380 specimens of this form including 48 maxillas and mandibles, 260 isolated teeth and 75 tooth rows, were collected from Lufeng, Yunnan. 60 per cent of them were unearthed from Layer II of Section D.
    Diagnosis of the new genus: An Asian Miocene adapid primate, larger than that of either Sivaladapis or Indraloris. The lower fourth premolar is highly molarised and longer than any molar of the same individual. A distinct hypoconulid twinned with the entoconid, with a deep notch between them, is found in the lower fourth premolar and the buccal cingulum is weakly developed. The lower molars are short and broad. There is no cingulum on the buccal side. The buccal cingulum is present only on the distal side of the crown. The crowns are low and round.
    Sivaladapis and Indraloris are two sufficiently similar genera. Some specimens of Indraloris have been attributed to Sivaladapis by Gingerich. As a result, only a few specimens represent Indraloris. Some features of the two genera ean also be seen in our specimens. According to Chopra, it seems not easy to distinguish Indraloris from Sivaladapis, so it is not impossible that they are of the same genus.
    Sinoadapis carnosus gen. et sp. nov. from Lufeng is the latest record in late Miocene. This diseovery indicates that the final extinction of Adapidae may be later than the end of Miocene (8 Myr-) and it is helpful to the study of the natural environment of Ramapithecus.
    Preliminary observation on the cranium of Laccopithecus Robustus from Lufeng, Yunnan with reference to its phylogenetic relationship
    Rukang (Woo Ju-kang), Pan Yuerong
    1985, 4(01):  7-12. 
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    The paper deals with the Laccopithecus robustus eranium (PA 860) which was collected from Lufeng, Yunnan in 1981.
    The cranium consists of most part of facial region, a part of the frontal and the maxilla with all teeth in situ except the right lateral incisor. The posterior part of the cranium is missing.
    The facial part of the left side is distorted due to compression in the process of fossilization while that of the right side is well-preserved.
    The upper face and nasals are short and broad. The interorbital pillar is broad and flat.
    The temporal ridges start from the middle part of the supra-orbital ridges on trigonum frontale, which are similar to that of Pliopithecus and Hylobates. Seven indices, the snout breadth index, snout length index, facial depth index, incisor breadth index, palatal breadth index, nasal breadth index, orbital breadth index, were calculated. The first four fall within the range of Pliopithecus and the rest three, of Hylobates ete.
    The P4 has developed lingual cingulum. Judging from the canines, PA 860 cranium is of a male individual.
    Its facial region resembles that of H. leuciscus in size. However, its dentition is larger than both H. leuciscus and other extant hylobatids in proportion of its face. Preliminary observation of PA 860 cranium indicates that it is similar to Pliopithecus on the one hand and to Hylobates on the other.
    As Laccopithecus was found in Yunnan and similar to H. concolor in some features, it is possible that Hylobates evolved from Laccopithecus robustus. In addition, the upper molars of Dionysopithecus shuangouensis are morphologically similar to those of H. leuciscus from Java. All facts as well as the presence of Kansupithecus and Amphipithecus give a clue to the Asian origin of the extant hylobatids.
    A preliminary report on a micromammalian assemblage from the hominoid locality of Lufeng, Yunnan
    Qiu Zhuding, Han Defen, Qi Guoqin, Lin Yufen
    1985, 4(01):  13-32. 
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    In the last decade, many of the fossil vertebrates have been collected at Shihuiba, a small village of Lufeng conuty, Yunnan. However, only seven forms of micromammals, Sciuridae indet. , Hystrix sp. , Brachyrhizomys nagrii, B. tetracharax, B. ef. pilgrimi and Alilepus sp. Castoridae indet, have been reported previously (Qi 1979; Flynn and Qi, 1982; Wu et al, 1981) . Actually, since the first account based on the material processed from 1975 to 1976, additional material of small mammals has been obtained, particularly in the last field season of 1983 when the wet-sieving techniques were carried out at that locality. Up to now, at least 32 taxa of micromammals can be added to the list of the fauna (see P. 22, Table 1) . The collection is of particular significance as it represents the few Neogene faunas of South China, containing not only the most abundant and diverse small and large mammals associated with hominoids, but also many elements new for the fossil record in China or Asia. The purpose of this paper is to report all the micro- mammalian fossils excavated and washed at this locality during the past ten years. Detailed descriptions of these taxa will be given in the next few years.
    The specimens reported in this paper were recovered from the deposits of section D (see Qi, 1985) by traditional excavation in the field seasons from 1975 to 1983 and wet-screening of about 10 tons of sediments from layers 1, 2, 5 and 6 in 1983. Some 1175 specimens have so far been identified, of which more than 1000 were sorted from two third of wet-screened concentrate. About 150 kg of this residue washed remain to be picked.
    In the material, insectivores are aboundantly represented. Twenty isolated teeth, including incisors and premolars, are identified as tupaiid and all are probably assignable to one species. The tooth pattern of this form is similar to that of the living tupaiid of South Asia, and the lower molar is comparable in size and morphology to the Siwalik specimen YGSP 8090 (Jacobs, 1982, p. 212) . This is the first fossil record of it for China. Although there has been much discussion on the taxonomic status of this animal in the literature, it is temporarily accepted in this paper that tree shrew is placed in Insectivora. Ninety eight specimens, including 4 dentary fragments represent two genera of erinaceids, Galerix and Lanthanotherium. In size and morphology the Galerix (21 specimens) is close to the Siwalik G. ruttandae, but metaconid on P4 is rather weak. In general crown morphology, the specimens of the smaller hairy hedge-hog are clearly comparable both the Neogene Lanthanotherium of Europe and North America and to the extant Hylomys of oriental province. It is necessary to make a through investigation of the relationship to the living genus or the fossil one. Moles are also common (87 specimens) , but only one taxon is identified. In its dental formula, morphology of humerus and in its enlarged I, and reduced first premolar (P1 or P2) , it differs from Yanshuella of Ertemte and other known Chinese moles, but can be referred to Scalopini. There are 70 soricid specimens in the collection, assigned to 5 forms. A species of Herterosoricinae is represented by 3 mandible fragments and 8 teeth. The discovery of herterosoricine in this fauna is of the first record in East Asia. The Lufeng form seems to be closely related either to the Dinosorex or Heterosorex of Europe. Anourosorex is relatively common in the shrew material (3 dentary fragments and 34 teeth) . These specimens differ from those of North China and Europe in more reduced M3 and may represent a new species. A species of Blarinella (11 specimens) is similar morphologically to B. kormosi, but smaller in size. Three teeth may be assigned to Crocidura, while another eight are of a soricine, but not identifiable below the subfamily level. Three families of Chiroptera, Pteropidae (2 teeth) , Hipposideridae (3 teeth) and Vespertilionidae (28 specimens) can be recognized in this fauna, of these Pteropidae previously were unreported from the Chinese fossil sediments. The material of the bats in this collection is too rare to allow identification below the family level except Vespertilionidae. From the general tooth pattern the specimens of vespertilionids correspond well respectively to the extant genera, Myotis, Epthsicus, Pipistrellus and Plecotus.
    Eight families of rodents (Sciuridae, Castoridae, Platacanthomyidae, Eomyidae, Rhizomyidae, Cricetidae, Muridae and Hystricidae) are represented at Ludeng, of which Platacanthomyidae has not been reported from fossil deposits of China. The most abundant rodents are murids (335 specimens) . Four forms have been recognized in the collection and Parapodemus is the most common. The largest one (10 teeth) is allied to the Parapelomys of Siwalik. Although specimens of other two forms are rare, they clearly show the independent position respectively. Cricetids are also common rodents, and all the 201 specimens apparently correspond morphorlogically to diagnosis of Kowalskia. There is quite a high variation in size as well as in minor structures, but at the moment it may be noted that the specimens seem to represent two different taxa, one of which is close in size both to K. gansunica of North China and K. fahlbuschi of Europe. Fifty four specimens represent 7 genera of sciurids in the fossil assemblage. Four dentary fragments and an incomplete skull are identified as flying squirrel and assignable to three genera, Albanensis and ? Forsythia of Europe and cf. Hylopetes of South China and Asia. The remaining sciurid specimens are all isolated teeth which are probably refferred to the extant Yunnan forms, Callosciurus, Dremomys, Tamiops and Sciurotamias. There are 67 isolated teeth of Platacanthomyids in the collection. Two forms related to the living Platacanth omys of South India and Typhlomys of South Asia can be recognized. Rhizomyids are apparently represented by only a single genus, Brachyrhizomys, which were identified by Flynn and Qi to three species based on four dentary fragments. More 72 specimens have been secured to justfy the assignment. A skull, four lower jaw fragments and 24 isolated cheek teeth of a single species of eastorid are present in the fauna, which typologically may agree with the diagnosis of Monosaularx as given by Sirton (1935) . It represents the southernmost extension of the distribution of beaver in China, even in the old world. Twelve isolated teeth of eomyid assigned to Leptodontomys are recognized. The size of this species appears to be larger than that of North China, but close to the larger form of Europe. The hystricid Hystrix is represented by a fragmentary skull, 3 mandibular fragments and 29 teeth. It is likely that the porcupine is a population morphologically intermediate between H. siwalensis and H. cf. leucurus.
    In the material, remains of Lagomorpha are also rich (59 specimens) . The features of the dentition, especially the P3, place all the specimens in a single rather variable species of Alilepus.
    Six layers of the section, about 8 m are fossiliferous. Probably due to smaller amount of sediments processed in some layers, most of the taxa are missing in L4 and L3, and a few of the rare species are laking in L6. It seems obviously that they have almost all species in common from L6 to L2. Nevertheless, there seems to be a faunal change in L1, for the presence of pteropid and absence of beaver, porcupine and some flying squirrels. In spite of the changes in fossil composition and some diversity of depositional environments, the close contemporaneity of these layers is beyond question.
    Compared to the well documented fossil micromammalian faunas of North China, Siwalik and Europe, the Lufeng fauna appears to represent a quite complete assemblage of micromammals which may be considered as a rather representative association for South China, and of accumulating in a geologically short interval.
    The resemblance of the Lufeng fauna to Ertemte and M. Siwalik faunas is remarkable. All the elements in the family level, except for platacanthomyid can be found either in Ertemte or in M. Siwalik, or both (Table 2) . At least 7 genera (Blarinella, Anourosorex, Kowalskia, Mus, Parapodemus, Leptodontomys and Alilepus) have relationships to Ertemte fauna and 6 (Tupaiidae gen. indet. , Brachyrhizomys, Mus, Parapodemus, Parapelomys and Hystrix) to the M. Siwalik fauna. The Lufeng fauna is characterized by its dominace of the related forms that distribute today in tropic and subtropic areas, such as hairy hedgehogs, fruit bats, bamboo rats, spiny dormices and porcupines, and by the abundance of Insectivora, Chiroptera, flying squirrels, bamboo rats and ete. This seems to reflect a tropieal or subtropical mesic forest environments like the present-day condition of the modern oriental province, and indicates that Lufeng and the sites of India-Pakistan subeontinent oecupied the same general biogeographical provinee in the M. Neogene, but it is hard to say, based on the present data, that Lufeng fauna differs from northern Chinese late Miocene faunal assemblage as Flynn and Qi suggested in 1982. Nevertheless it seems unlikely that the Lufeng fauna shares the same biogeographie province with the Ertemte fauna, and that the drier steppie forms, such as dipodids, ochotonids and most of the cricetids had invaded the Lufeng fauna. This also implies that the differentiation of South and North China in faunal association had been visible during the late Miocene.
    Besides, the fauna either shows close affinities to European elements or indicates some relations to North America. About 10 forms are congeneric to European representatives, such as those from Eichkogel and Kohfidisch of Austria and Dorn-Dürkheim of Germany and 5 genera can be found in North America. This seems to confirm once more that a faunal interehange between the old and new worlds had taken place to some extent during the Neogene.
    Compared to North China, Indian-Pakistan subcontinent and European micromanmal faunas, especially on the basis of cricetids, murids and rhizomys, the locality of Lufeng most probably is attributable to the uppermost Miocene Baode (Paote) stage (Chinese land mammal age) , equivalent to Dhok Pathan of Pakistan and Turolian of Europe.
    According to the temporal ranges in Pakistan of some Taxa which occur at Lufeng, it is probable that the fauna inhabited southern China at about 7-8 Myr ago (Table3).
    A preliminary report on carnivora from the Ramapithecus locality, Lufeng, Yunnan
    Qi Guoqin
    1985, 4(01):  33-43. 
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    It is more and more clear that the fossil materials from the Ramapithecus locality of Lufeng respresent a very complete association of Vertebrates and the most rich assemblage in the Pontian mammalian faunas of South China. Seven forms of Carnivora were reported by the author in 1979. Up to now, twenty seven forms of the order have been found. The taxonomic unit, distribution in the different layers of the Seetion D and the specimen count of each form can be seen in Table 1. This paper only reports the preliminary results of the Carnivora fossils of the Lufeng mammalian fauna. A detailed study of these specimen will be published in future article.
    Most of the new forms added to the list of Carnivora are bears, civets and mustelids. Four, ten and three forms have been referred to Ursidae, Mustelidae and Viverridae respectively.
    Among the fossils, only a few specimens of two forms (Sivaonyx bathygnathus and Ictitherium gaudryi) were collected from the first layer and the rest came from the second layer and below. This fact indicates that possibly the required living conditions for most of the forms had changed and they no longer existed in the first layer. It tallies with the situation shown in the deposits such as a clear erosin surface between the first and second layers and difference of the upper and lower layers in composition.
    Ictitherium gaudryi is the most abundant one of twenty seven forms (67 specimens) . Secondly, Sivaonyx bathygnathus (29 specimens) , Epimachairodus fires (19 specimens) and Pseudaelurus sp. (14 specimens) are also common. In addition, Ursavus depereti, Indarctos sp. and Ursinae indet. are represented by more than 12 specimens. The rest are quite rare.
    In the Carnivora of Lufeng, sixteen forms can be identified to the genus level. At least two genera (Sivaonyx and Ursavus) were not reported from chinese Neogene deposits before and it is possible that certain forms of mustelids and civets are also new for the fossil record of Baodean (or Pontian) in China. Miocene linsang and binturrong may exist in the Viverridae and another form, previsionally attributed to Mustelidae indet. (2) is also a problematical one.
    Compared to the late Miocene faunas of Europe and North America, Lufeng fauna shows close relations to them. Considering the Carnivora, at. least ten genera (Indarctos, Ursavus, Martes, Eomellivora, Lutra, Sivaonyx, Ictitherium, Epimachairodus, Pseudae-lnrus and lelis) can be found in Europe and six genera (Indarctos, Martes, Eomellivora, Lutra, Pseudaelurus and Felis) exist also in North America. Some affinities to Africa were indicated by a few genera (Ictitherium and Felis) .
    In comparison with the "Hipparion fauna" of North China and middle Siwalik fauna of India-Pakistan subcontinent, Lufeng fauna has its own distinguishing features. As shown in Table 2, five families (Ursidae, Mustelidae, Viverridae, Hyaenidae and Felidae) all appear in the three faunas. Seven genera (Indarctos, Martes, Eomellivora, Ictitherium, Epimachairodus, Pseudaelurus and Felis) are common for all faunas. Proputorius and Lutra are present at Lufeng and other localities of North China. Sivaonyx is common to that of Lufeng and Siwalik.
    Of eight forms identified to species level, two (Proputorius lufengensis and Epimachairodus fires) are new species. Ursavus depereti can only be found in the Torolian fauna of Europe. Four (Indarctos sinensis, Eomellivora wimani, Martes palaeosinensis and Ictitherium gaudryi) of the forms are limited to the Baodean of North China. Sivaonyx bathygnathus not only lived in Dhok Pathan fauna (corresponding to Turo lian of Europe) , but also occured as early as Nagri (corresponding to Vallesian of Europe) of South Asia.
    Judging from the comparisons of the micromammalian fauna and the other orders of Lufeng fauna, it is possible that the geological age of Lufeng fauna corresponds to Dhok Pathan of the middle Siwalik of South Asia (or Selenoportax lydekkeri IntervalZone offered by Barry J. C. et al. in 1982) and Turolian of Europe.
    The composition of Lufeng Carnivora lacks canids and amphicyonids as in the Baodean of North China and some forms of civets fossils are relatively rather common. In general, the living forms of many civets are typical beasts inhabiting tropic or subtropic forests. The otters and some mustelids reflect restricted palaeoecological enviroments generally associated with aquatic conditions. The large cats and bears are said to be "forest-dwelling"usually.
    Further research with the Lufeng fauna and associated conditions may be resolved in the near future.
    The artiodactyla of Ramapithecus Site, Lufeng, Yunnan
    Han Defen
    1985, 4(01):  44-54. 
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    This paper gave a brief deseription to the Artiodactyla fossils of the Ramapithecus site, Lufeng. Yunna
    The material of Artiodactyla is very plentiful, but this paper deseribes mainly skulls, horns and teeth. Detailed deseription of all specimen will be given later.
    The results of preliminary study is that there are at least 10 gerera and 2 species in these order. They are:
    Hyotherium sp. H. ef. PalaeochoerusLophochoerus lufengensis Potamochoerus sp. 1. 2. 3. Suidae gen. et sp. indet Dorcabune sp. Dorcatherium sp. nov. Moschus sp. Dicroceros sp. Metacervulus cf. simplexMetacervulus sp. nov. 1. 2Muntiacus ef. nanus Teilhard et TrassaertMuntiacus sp. nov. Muntiacus 8p. 1. 2Cervidae gen. et sp. indet 1. 2Selenoportax sp. Bovidae gen. et sp. indet Fossils of all the above taxonomic units occur in 6 main fossiferous layers of Lufeng section D of Iate Miocene beds, but very rare in the first layer, the Dorcabune, Muntiacus, Selenoportax are the only Artiodactyla present. The fossils of Seleloportax are in great number, but only two teeth of Hyotherium cf. palaeochoerus. Lophochoerus and Selenoportax are the first record in China.
    Compared with the subeontinent India-Pakistan Middle fauna and the North China Ertemte fauna, they show close affinities. Its geological age is Late Miocene, equivalent to the Turolian of European sequence of land mammal ages.
    Stratigraphic summarization of Ramapithecus fossil locality, Lufeng,Yunnan
    Qi Guoqin
    1985, 4(01):  55-69. 
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    Lufeng is a county of Yunnan Province, about 60 km. to the west of Kunming city (Fig. 1) . Shihuiba locality (No. 75033 IVPP) (102°4' E, 25°1'N) is situated on the southern slope of Miaoshanpo Hill, about 9 km. north of Lufeng county.
    Geomorphologically, Lufeng area is a small block basin, located in the east of the middle Plateau of Yunnan. Average height of it is about 1560 m. above sea level. The basin extends about 12 km. from south to north and about 2-3 km. from east to west. In its northern end, the most narrow part is only 0. 3-0. 5 km.
    There are three rivers (the West River, the East River and the South River) in the basin. They join near Lufeng county and then is called Xingsu River (Fig. 2) .
    The form and development of Lufeng basin were controled by a series of faults of south-north direction. The base and margin of the basin consist of strata of Presinian period mainly, in addition, Jurassic and Cretacious periods. The distribution of Cenozoic beds is only restricted to the piedmont or the center of the basin.
    The strata of Presinian period called Kunyang Group, is a suite of thick metamorphic limestone and mudstone, topographically expressed as well-round, lowlying mountains and hills. The Mesozoic deposits are so called"Red Beds". They are identified as Fengjiahe (Early Jurassic) , Zhanghe (Middle Jurassic) and Jiongdihe (Late Cretacious) , Matoushan (Early Cretacious) formations respectively. In the Cenozoic strata, the Neogene beds are fluvial-laeustrine swamp deposits, consisting of sand, gravel, sandy clay, clay and lignite, about 30 m. or more in thickness, and exposed in Shihuiba, Tuguaneun, Taizicun, Lufeng and Xiabanqiao-Yangjiahuayuan. The Quarternary beds are fluvial gravels and terrace deposits, directly overlying on the old bedrock and the terraces of several rivers.
    Miaoshanpo Hill on which Ramapithecus fossil locality lies consists of Kunyang Group, greyish white, greyish blue and in part pink microlitic dolomitic limestone and purplislh grey sericite slate intercalated with secondary belts of quartz. The Section A, B and C were exposed at different locations of a artificial road trough going to the back of the Miaoshanpo Hill for excavating limestone. In addition, the lignite deposits of lacustrine swamp face surrounding the Section D were exposed when Chengkun RaiIroad was built, the earthy crust of Miaoshanpo Hill was eradicated and pushed to the roadbed of the Railroad. The deposits have been excavated for 9 times since 1975 andthe location of the excavated section has been moved much westward.
    The sequences of the Sections A and D are summarized from top to bottom in turn as following, mainly according to the observations of 1983, also refering to the sections over the years (Fig. 4 and 5) .
    Section A:
    1. Dark purple, purple, orange red weathering crust. Earthy deposits with porousities and plant roots. There are sands and gravels in the bottom. Average diameter of the gravels is 1-2 cm. The layer is 1. 5-3. 5 m. in thickness.
    2. Yellow, yellowish drab calcareous clay and sandy clay with clear horizontal bedding. Deposits coarsen gradually from lower to upper. The clay is pure and hard, nearly without root casts and holes. It is demareated from the lower layer by a eleor erosin surface. The space occupied by the layer shows initial landform. Thickness is 2-6 m.
    3. Grey, greyish yellow, greyish brown clay with intercalations of sand and gravel. Deposits coarsen gradually from upper to lower. There are 2-3 belts of blackish brown carbonaceous clay. The thickness of each belt is 15-20 cm. About 1. 5-3m. in thickness.
    4. Purple sandy clay with sands and gravels and clear bedding. Deposits coarsen downward. The diamater of gravels is 5-25 cm. The elements of them are quartz, sandstone, slate and limestone and so on. There are usually pollution motley and casts of root in the layer. The surface of the deposit was washed and wearthered, it looks like columnar. Exposed thickness is 5 m.
    The sequences of the Sections B. and C are similar to that of the Section A. Any fossil of vertebrate has not been found from sections mentioned above yet.
    Section D:
    1. Yellow sandy clay with sand and gravel lenses. The color of the clay is brown contaminated by ferro-magnesium. The element of the gravel is mainly quartz with mediate roundness and diameter 1-—2 cm. The layer is demarcated by a clear erosin surface from the lower layer and lost at the northeast of the Section. About 0. 5-2m. in thickness. Dip SW 210°-220°, dip angle 5°.
    2. Interbedding of blackish brown carbonaceous clay and greyish white fine sand. In general, there are four continued belts of carbonaceous clay and five small sand layers. Each elay belt and small sand layer is about 10-15 cm. in thickness. Their thickness and continued degree are various with the difference of section position. The sand contains abundant shell fragments of mullosc. Dip SW 210°, dip angle 5°-10°. Thickness 0. 7-3 m.
    3. Blackish brown massive lignite with compact and solid texture. Partialy intercalating with blackish grey laminated sand and sandy clay. There are some burrows in the lignite occasinally. White spots and greyish green epiphytes are common in the bed. Dip Sw 210°-220°, dip angle 5°—12°. Thickness 0. 3-1. 4 m.
    4. Interbedding of black carbonaceous clay and grey fine sand with clear texture of microstratifications. There are small and irregular lenses of lignite. About 0. 21. 8 m. in thickness. Dip SW 210°, dip angle 5°—10°.
    5. Grey, uniform and pure fine sand with intercalations or lenses. of black carbonaceous clay and lignite. The color of the sand is more and more dark from upper tolower. There are a lot of shell fragments of molluse and quartz pebbles of diamater about 1-2 cm. Dip SW 210°, dip angle 5°-10°. Thickness 1. 5-2. 5 m.
    6. Lignite consisting of two or three laminated layers. There are grey fine sand and blackish grey carbonaceous clay between the lignites. Containing plant fossil and woody fragments in the lignite. White and greyish blue epiphytes are common. Dip SW 210°—220°, dip angle 10°. Thickness 0. 5 m.
    7. Greyish white, blackish grey clay with white small pebbles of quartz and nodules of pyrite. Exposed thickness in test pit of 1981 is 1. 6 m. No any vertebrate fossil has been found from the layer.
    8. Purplish red, orange red, yellowish brown sandy elay. The layer has not been excavated during the excavations over the years. The thickness exposed in test pit of 1981 is 0. 8 m. Any vertebrate fossil has not been found from the layer.
    These sections and their correlativities are shown in Fig. 4. Approximate 110 forms of vertebrate fossil have been found from the layers 1-6 of the Section D. The list of the fauna is shown in the chinese text.
    Except Shihuiba, the Neogene strata have been also found in many places of the basin such as: Lufeng, Tuguancun, Taizicun and Xiabanqiao-Yangjiahuayuan and so on. The deposits can be divided into main two parts: the upper sand with gravel lenses and lower sandy clay with carbonaceous clay or lignite It is considered that the upper sand layer can correspond to the layer 1 of the Section D and the lower sandy clay layer can correspond to the layers 2-7 of the Section D.
    A preliminary report on the excavation of Paleolithic site at Xiaogushan of Haicheng, Liaoning Province
    Zhang Zhenhong, Fu Renyi, Chen Baofeng, Liu Jingyu, Zhu Mingye, Wu Hongkuan, Huang Weiwen
    1985, 4(01):  70-79. 
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    Xiaogushan cave site was first found in 1981 and a test excavation was taken in the same year. Then, a systematie exeavation was carried out in the summer, 1983. Numerous mammalian fossils, some human fossils and abundant, varied cultural remains were encountered during the excavation. The present paper only gives a preliminary observation of the site and a brief study of the materials.
    The site (40o34'53"N, 122o58'30"E) is situated at the north of Liaodong Penin- sula in Northeast China, more then 120 km away from Shenyang (Fig. 1) . The fossili- ferous deposits are in a marble cave and its floor is about 1 meter high above the pre- sent river bed. The deposit is about 6 meters in depth. Its top consists of black-brown soil mixed with angular marble fragments. This layer is 0. 7 meter in maximum depth and its age belongs to Holocene. The lower part of the deposit consists of brown and yellow-brown gravel, sand, clay, soil and angular marble fragment. It can be divided into 4 layers, more than 5 meters in total thickness. The mammalian fossils, human fossils and cultural remains, all of Pleistocene, were discovered in these layers (Fig. 2).
    Mammalian fossils included Canis sp. , Vulpes corsac, Ursus cf. splaeus, Crocutaultima, Mammuthus primigenius, Equus przewalskyi, Celodonta antiqutais, Gazella praewalskyi, Bison sp. , Bubalus sp. , Cervus canadensis, Megaloceros ordosianuis, Sus scofa, ete. , totaling 38 species. On the whole, they may be classified in the Mammuthus-Coelodonta Fauna of Northeast China within Late Pleistocene. The Carnivora and Artiodaetyla make up 71. 5% of the total members of the fauna. Most of them lived in an environment of forest-steppe under warmer and wetter climate.
    The cultural remains (Fig. 3—5; PL. 1—2) include stone artifacts, bone and ant- ler implements, ornaments and ash from cooking fire. The materials of stone tool are almost quartz which came from the gravel bed of the river nearby. The types of stone artifact include seraper, point, bore, chopper and chopping tool, burin, biface bolas as well as core, flake. The direct free-hand blows and the "bipolar" method were used to flaking process by the ancient dweller of Xiaogushan, and retouches were chiefly made by the former. Among the retouched implements scrapers are various in type, including those with singe side, double sides, alternate double sides, round side, nosed end and thumbnail seraper, etc. . With regard to the technical style and tool type, the Xiaogushan Industry is very like those of North China.
    The bone and antler implements include an antler harpoon, a bone awl and three bone needles. The ornaments include some perforated teeth and a piece of perforated object which may be made of shell. The same kind of bone needle and perforated teeth had been discovered at the Upper Cave of Zhoukoudian in 1930s, but antler harpoon, which was found during the Magdelenian in Europe, was never met in the paleolithie site of China before.
    The preliminary observation indicated that the age of Xiaogushan site can be attributed to Late Pleistocene based on mammalian fauna, and taken as a whole, the Xiaogushan Culture exhibits strong features, from which it ean clearly be ranged within the Upper Paleolithic stage.
    The anthropometry of the hands and observations of the digital types in Uigur
    Wang Heng, Guan Huazhong, Gong Pengming
    1985, 4(01):  80-93. 
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    Subjects of this study consisted of 200 Uigur healthy youths of 18-25 years old; male and female were in equal numbers. According to the relative lengths of the ring finger and index finger, the hands could be classified into three types. According to the finger length, the authors classified 400 hands into seven types. Types II, II and IV are more common than other types. The data can be used as information for the design of mechanical equipment and gloves in Uigur youths.