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    15 December 1993, Volume 12 Issue 04
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    On the typology of heavy-duty tools of the Lower Paleolithic from east and southeast Asia-Comment on the Movius' System
    Huang Weiwen
    1993, 12(04):  297-304. 
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    Although H. M ovius had established his system in 1940s, the typology in Paleolithic assemblages of East and Southeast Asia remains to be solved. Movius' system based on the stone assemblages from Burma (Anyathian) and Java (Pat jtanian) consists of three new categories,chopping--tools, hand--adzes and proto--hand-axes, and two re--defined categories, choppers and scrapers. Unfortunately, this system is not a good typology to a certain extent because its categories are not " mutually exclusive" , " not overlap" and " exhaust the variability in the artifact collection" as pointed by L.G. Freeman in 1977. Many facts have shown that Movius' systemisn't very helpful to the development of the Palcolithic Archacology in East and Southeast Asia.
    In vies of the materials from China, Burma, Java etc., the author of the present paper suggests that the following categories commonly used in Europe and Africa arc also suitable to East and Southeast Asia. They are chopper, handaxe, cleaver, pick, spheroid and scraper.
    Archeological remains from Dabanqiao Cave Site, Kunming, Yunnan
    Yang Zhengchun
    1993, 12(04):  305-318. 
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    A lot of archeological remains including one tooth of late Homo sapiens, used fires remains, several hundreds of stone artifacts, a few bone artifacts and some animal fossils of modern species were found in the Dabanqiao Cave site. The cultural level is 2 meters thick, and its upper part was dated to be 8175±235 B. P. and 8215±235 B.P. , its middle part was dated to be 10530±280 B. P. by 14C dating.
    The raw materials of the artifacts are mainly quartz and crystal. The principle flaking method is the bipolar technique. The tool including scraper only is mainly made on flakes, re-touchcd roughly, and rregular in shape. Percussion method and bipolar technique were used tore touch. A bone aw1 carefully polished was found in the site. The evidence mentioned above indicates that this is a special culture not found before in Yunnan, so, it is named "Dabanqiao Culture". These remains are different from those found in Yunnan and southeast Asia before,and are somewhat similar to those found in Fulin and the upper part of Ma'anshan site. If, on the consideration that bipolar technique was mainly used to flake,Dabanqiao Culture is morcsimilar to the Cluture of Sinanthropus and. Xiaonanhai, which are more carlier than it. Consequcntly, it can be said that Dabanqiao Culture is probally in closer relation to the paleolithic cultures of North China than to Fulin and Ma’anshan. But it could not be excluded that this is a coincidencc of regional culture.
    From the study of animal fossils and spores, it is shown that Dabanqiao site is in thesubtropical context, in which there arc hilly lands and flat lands. Lots of spores of Pinus and some Compositae foumd in the lower part of the cultural level indicate that the climate is warm and a little dry and the spores of pteridophytc of which most are Pteris in the upper part indicate that the climate is damp and hot.
    The observation on the fracture of human remains from several archaeological sites in China
    Zhang Zhenbiao
    1993, 12(04):  319-326. 
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    The fracture specimens of human skeletal remains used in this study are from the Neolithicsites of Xixiahou in Shandong province and Xiawanggang in Henan province, and from Bronze-Age site of Changyang in Hubei province as well as the two sites of Han Dynasty of Shouzhou and Bci Wci Dynasty of Daton city in Shanxi province.
    It was found that among the observed 393 human skeletons from five populations in different archaeological sites, 13 individuals (10 males and 3 females) displayed one or more bony fractures in each. The statistic results of the frequency of the fracture occurrencce in cach population are presented in Table 2.
    In general, thc various types of fracture in this study included the depressed fracture of the cranium, the compressed fracture of the first lumbar vertebra, the fracture of the femoral neck,the bending fractures of the distal tibia and fibula, the shearing fracture of the tibia and the distal radius fracture (?.e., Coll's fracture). It was also found that all of the fracture have healed but there are callus formation in the long bones, and healed fracture displayed the complete or incomplete dislocations and led to deformities.
    The author believes that the frequency of the fracture occurrence in five ancient populations shows a tendency increasing from lower frequency in early populations represented by Neolithic period to higher frequency in late populations.
    Racial characteristics of the human skulls from the Bronze Age Site of Jiuquan County, Gansu
    Zheng Xiaoying
    1993, 12(04):  327-336. 
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    In this paper the racial charactcristics of the human skulls from Ganguya cemetery, Jiuquan county, Gansu province excavatcd in 1987, were studied using multivariate analysis.According to l4C dating the age of these cemetery falls between 840 to 1600 B.P.. Principal components analysis, factor analysis, and the Q-type hierarchical clustering method were all used in this study, The results produced by these three techniques are quite consistent.
    1. The Ganguya group was more closely related to the Mongoloid than to either the Caucasian and Australoids. Therefore, there is no doubt that the Bronze Age inhabitants of Ganguya belonged to the Mongoloid.
    2. The Bronze Age inhabitants of Ganguya possessed larger orbital height, nasal height,upper facial height and basibregmatic height, and combining these with some important cranio-facial traits such as maximum cranial length. These traits are more closely related to the East Asian type of Mongoloid than to the North Asian type.
    3. R-type factor analysis and Q-type hierarchical clustering suggest that the Ganguya group may be closely related to the Ha-mi group(in Xinjiang). We need to study this problem further.
    Electron spin resonance dating of teeth enamel samples from Jinniushan Palaeoanthropological Site
    Chen Tiemei, Yang Quan, Wu En
    1993, 12(04):  337-346. 
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    Our early work on Uranium-series dating had assigned an age range of 230--300 ka for the Palacoanthropological site of Jingniushan. In this work five more tooth samples from this site were dated with both clcctron--spin--resonance (ESR) and Uranium--series techniques.
    Enamel layers were scparatcd for ESR dating. The accumulated dose(AD) was normalized with alaninc dosimeter. As the AD value based on the exponential extrapolation much depends on the highest irradiated dose, linear extrapolation going with high correlation coefficiants was implemented. A value of 0.23 for alpha-effectiveness has been empirically determined, which differs somehow from the commonly accepted value of 0.15. Tentative efforts were made to determine the radon emanation and moisture coefficients. To keep the necessary consistency with the U-dating method on the U-uptake assumption, the ESR ages were calculated on the basis of early U-uptakc model.
    The closed-system assumption of the U-series dating was cheched and confirmcd by com-paring thc Th- -230/ U- -234and Pa--231 / U--235 activity ratios for every dentine sample.
    The ESR ages, rànging from 197-241 ka, are in fairly good agreement with the U-datcsfor each of these samples. The average ESR age of these 5 samples is 229±28 (ka), which matches the lower end of the published U--scries age range.
    Physique, body type of Mongols and their changes in the past more than half a century
    Zhu Qin, Liu Wenzhong, Li Zhijun et al.
    1993, 12(04):  347-356. 
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    An anthropological study of 208 male and 196 femalc Mongols (aged 20- 60 years) living in Bayannouer League was carried out in July 1991.
    The results can be summarized briefly as follows.
    1.The physical characters of Mongols:They arc fairly tall. Their span of arm is longer than their stature in both sexes. The indices of head belong to brachycephaly, hypsicephaly and metriocephaly. The morphological facial index belongs to curyprosopy. Mongolian folds are obscrved about half in female and two thirds in male Mongols and double eyelids are manifested in high percentage. The form of nasal bridge is straight and the nasal index belongs to mesorrhiny. The indices of bodily part belong to langstamming, mittelbrusty, mittelschultrig and mittelbecking.
    2. In Comparison with the data of the past more than half a century, the stature of Mongols have significant secular growth trend. The other metrical values of bodily part have also increased, but a half of the metrical values of the cephalofaciai part are within the range of variations in comparison with the data of the past more than half a century.
    3. The body indices in both sexes and the bodily measurements in female Mongols have no significant difference between urban and rural (pastoral) areas.
    A survey on physical characteristics of Uigur Nationality
    Ai Qionghua, Xiao Hui, Zhao Jianxin et al.
    1993, 12(04):  357-365. 
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    A survey on anthropomctry and somatoscopy of 529 adult Uigurs from 20 to 25 of age(271 males and 258 females) living in Yili of Xinjiang, the north--west in China,was carried out in May 1991.
    The results show that the Uigurs have their main characteristics as follows:
    The hair is straight in form and black in color in most cases. The eye is blown in color and the fold of upper palpebra is observable in most individuals.The Mongoloid fold is observable in 60.74% and 40.70% for males and females, respectively.
    The height of nose root is medium and high in most cases. The form of the nasal bridge is straight or concave. The height--breadth index of nose is 62.39 for males and 62.56 for females,the type of nose belongs to Leplorrhiny. The form of the carlobe is circular in 51.66%cases. There is Darwin's tubercle in most cases (71.21%).
    The length- -breadth index of head is 88.62 for males and 88.78 for females and the type of the head belongs to Hyperbrachycephaly. The breadth-height index of head is 65.03 for male sand 66.20 for females and belongs to T apeinoccphaly. The length--height index of head is 73.5Sand 74.69 for males and females, respectively, and the type of the head belongs to Hypsiccphaly. The average statures are 1684.6mm for males and 1 578.8mm for females.they belong to the Ultramedium and high types according to Martin's classification in both of males and females.
    A dermatoglyphic features analysis of ABO blood groups of Han Nationality
    Hua Zhaohe, Peng Yuwen, Cai Kun et al.
    1993, 12(04):  366-373. 
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    A dermatoglyphic feature analysis of A BO blood groups of Han nationality in Wuhu area were made. Among the 382 individuals (males: 220; females: 162), o, A, Band AB are 130, 113,101 and 38 respectively.
    By statistical analysis, it was found that the dermatoglyphic parameters showed some statistical difference among O-A, o-B, O-AB, A-B and B-AB blood groups. The relation between A BO blood groups and dermatoglyphics is a problem deserving to be explored further.
    Analyses on the geographic differences of Rohrer's Index curves in Chinese youths
    Ji Chengye, Wen Daying, Fan Zhihong et al.
    1993, 12(04):  374-382. 
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    This study was designed to analyse the geographic differences of Chinese youths' Rohrer'sIndex curves by using multivariate analysing method. The means of height, weight and Rohrer'sIndex of those aged 7, 13(11 for gir1s), 18 and 22 years were used as parameters. Firstly, by using factor analysis, two factors were extracted, both for boys and girls, from these parameters.Then by using the factor scores as new variables and by using the Q mode cluster analysis, both boys' and girls' groups were classified into several clusters. Comparisons between these clusters showed significant urban-rural differences, north-south differences as well as developed-'underdevcloped differences, not only on youths' body size, but also on their body shape. Rohrer's Index curves were set up and smoothed by the polynomial fitting equations for each of these clusters, and the use of these curves in setting up the norms in screening out the individuals with abnormal nutrition and health status were discussed.
    The development of maximal aerobic power in Chinese children and adolescents
    Lin Wansheng, Zhang Yuqing, Ji Chengye et al.
    1993, 12(04):  383-393. 
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    This paper reported the maximal aerobic power of 463 Chinese children and adolescents,aged 10-19 years. The absolute values of maximal oxygen intake (?O_2max) in boys and girlswere 1.75-3.26 and 1.44-2.10 L/ min, respectively. The relative values of ?O_2max in height(?O_2max / height) were 12.35-19.42 ml/ cm.min for boys and 10.18-13.42 m1/ cm.min forgirls, the?О_2mах / wе?ght wеrе 48.60-56.59 ml / kg.m?n fоr bоу? аnd З9.З4--4?.56 ml / kg.m?nfor girls, the: ?оmax/ lean--body--mass were58.98-65.28 ml/ kg.min for boy sand54.90--59.04 m1/ kg.m?n fоr g?rl?, аnd thе mах?mаl vаluе? оf охуgеn рul?е(?О_2 mах / НRmах)were 8.58-16.67 m1 / beat for boys and 6.88--10.35 ml / beat for girls.
    In the carly adolescence, the values оf ?о_2,max,?О_2mах / hс?ght аnd ?О_2 mах 1 НR mахin crcascd with chronological age in all children, but the increment was 1ess in girls. The regular ?nсrеа?с w?th аgе wа? nоt ?een ?n the ?О_2max / weight and?O_2 max/ LBM for boys and gilrs.Тhе vаluе? ?n сасh ?О_2 mах ?ndех ?n bоу? wеrе lаrgеr thаn ?n g?rl?.
    A Review of unmeasured human skull characters
    Zhang Yinyun
    1993, 12(04):  394-397. 
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    Paleolithic making experiments
    Chen Chun
    1993, 12(04):  398-403. 
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