人类学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (02): 181-192.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0014cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0014

• 特邀文章 •    下一篇

人类演化中的"行为现代性"与"现代人行为"探讨

杨石霞1,2()   

  1. 1.中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044
    2.Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Queensland 4111, Australia
  • 收稿日期:2024-08-05 接受日期:2024-11-08 出版日期:2025-04-15 发布日期:2025-04-15
  • 作者简介:杨石霞,副研究员,主要研究方向为旧石器时代考古、人类行为演化与环境适应。E-mail: yangshixia@ivpp.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(42177424);中国科学院青年促进会(2020074)

Exploration of "behavioral modernity” and “modern human behavior” in human evolution

YANG Shixia1,2()   

  1. 1. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
    2. Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Queensland 4111, Australia
  • Received:2024-08-05 Accepted:2024-11-08 Online:2025-04-15 Published:2025-04-15

摘要:

解剖学意义上的现代人的出现和扩散是人类演化史的关键性事件,备受国际学术界瞩目。“现代人”从与其姐妹种群共存到脱颖而出,成功扩散到了沙漠、热带雨林、高海拔山区等全球多样的生态环境之中,其“前所未有”的行为复杂化和适应能力被认为在其中起到了关键性作用。基于非洲、西亚和欧洲考古学材料,国际学术界建立起对一系列复杂化行为表征的基础认识,并不断探讨如何从“行为现代性”革命最终稳定呈现“现代人行为”。尽管对于东亚地区“现代人行为”发展演化的研究还处于初步探索阶段,但近年来的新研究也不断揭示着其本身丰富的内涵和多样性。纵观“现代人行为”的发展过程,可见其伴随人类体质的发展得到放大和增强,但其本身又在整个人类演化史中以不断累进的方式发展,这种积累甚至一直持续到今天。

关键词: 现代人, 现代人行为, 中期, 人类演化

Abstract:

The evolution and widespread of Homo sapiens is a key event in the human evolution history. By the end of the Late Pleistocene, our species was distributed across every continent except Antarctica, and adopted to varied ecological niches. The behavioral complexity and the cultural diversity are believed to act as one of the most pronounced abilities to get success. The fossil and genetic evidence were applied to discuss the extinction of archaic populations, such as the Denisovans and the Neanderthals and their complicated interbreeding with Homo sapiens. The archaeological records served on the discussion about the behavioral evolution from the emergence of “behavioral complexity or modernity’ to the fully developed modern human ‘behavioral package’. In this paper, we reviewed the discussion on the modern human behavioral evolution in the western side of the Old World. Based on the African archaeological records, the behavioral origins of Homo sapiens can be traced back to the first material culture produced by our species in Africa and phased as Middle Stone Age (MSA); while the western Eurasian records the behavioral complexity raised with the origin of Neanderthals and phased as Middle Paleolithic (MP). Then around the middle of Late Pleistocene, as the wide distribution of Homo sapiens and the extinction of archaic populations, a complete ‘modernity package’ finally developed and shows more cultural diversity globally, which including the advanced lithic tools (blade, microblade), bone tools, increased geographic range, specialized hunting, the use of aquatic resources, long distance exchange, systematic processing and use of pigment, and art and decoration.

However, recently in Eastern Asia efforts were made to explore the complexity of the ‘behavioral complexity or modernity’, the technological innovations and behavioral adaptations process are still barely known. The lithic assemblages have long been regarded as simple, conservative technologies, and major changes in raw material procurement, core reduction, retouch and typology tended to be clustered until 40 kaBP, without a ‘middle phase’ showing distinguished transition. These years, facing with the high degree of hominin morphological variability which has been suggested by recent fossil and genetic evidence, such as the early modern humans, Denisovans, H. longi, and some other unassigned taxons (Xujiayao and Xuchang), and growing new archeological data, we need to rethink the ‘behavioral modernity’ process happened in Eastern Aisa and its application to the evolutionary history of our species worldwide.

Key words: modern human, behavioral modernity, transition phase, human evolution

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