Abstract: Between February 2009 and July 2010, we investigated the social structure of a wild troop of Macaca mulatta(named Wangwu 1 or WW-1) living in the Henan Taihangshan Macaque National Nature Reserve in Mt.Taihangshan area, Jiyuan, China. We collected data of agonistic behaviors among the adult individuals and matrilineal units by the Ad libitum sampling strategy and then established dominance hierarchies based on David's Score methodology. We also collected data on moving order of adult individuals' arrival to the provisioning site by instantaneous and scan sampling,and analyzed the relationship between social rank and moving order. The results showed that this troop with 41(7 adult males,13 adult females and 21 immature) individuals had an adult sex ratio(♀:♂?) of 1.43, and that all adult females belonged to three matrilineal units. In addition, the following ratios were evident-adult male: adult female: sub-adult male: sub-adult female: juvenile male: juvenile female: infant male: infant female, 1: 1.86: 0.29: 0.43: 0.86: 1.29: 0.14: 0, and the percentage of the immature accounted for 56.4% of the total troop members. A linear dominance hierarchy was found among adult individuals and the matrilineal units in the troop with the dominance rank of adults given by individual abbreviated name as: HB CH BB PZ HL JL XBL ZM GB CM HJ XBD BD BY HT, and for matrilineal units: HL Unit CM Unit BD Unit. We conclude that the Taihangshan macaques exhibited multi-male and multi-female social structure, with the dominance hierarchy of adult males steeper than that of adult females,while the social rank of adult females determined by their matrilineal unit's social rank. Besides, the α(alpha) rank of this troop was HB, an adult male who had clear priority access to food resources.

Key words: Macaca mulatta; Social structure; Dominance; Mt.Taihangshan