A comparison between cranial measurements using three-dimensional laser scanning technology and manual measurements

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0009

Abstract

Abstract:

Compared with traditional manual measurements, three-dimensional laser scanning technology is considered a method with better performance in terms of convenience and efficiency. Although such technology is being utilized in physical anthropology and paleoanthropology in recent years, some questions have emerged. For instance, whether 3D virtual images are acceptable and the measurement values based on them can be compatible with the manual ones. Here, to compare the differences between two measurement systems, we tried to measure skulls by both methods. The results show that landmarks digitized from the 3D virtual image and real skulls overlap basically. Specifically, those landmarks with typical morphology features usually show better goodness of fit, while other landmarks set by two methods in diverse ways tend to separate slightly in comparison. As for the measurement values, most of data generated by traditional manual methods are compatible with those from the 3D virtual image. Although several measurement values show significant differences when undergoing a paired t-test, such differences may have limited practical implications. Besides, the main source of such differences could be the method to set landmarks and the goodness of fit of those landmarks, while other factors like the performance of equipment, the reflectivity of skulls` surface, and the accuracy of alignment of 3D images acquired from scanning cannot be ignored.

Key words: Three-dimensional laser scanning, Manual measurement, Craniometry, Difference test, Compatibility

CLC Number:

Q983

HUI Jiaming, HE Letian, WANG Minghui. A comparison between cranial measurements using three-dimensional laser scanning technology and manual measurements[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(02): 254-264.

Figures/Tables 7

References 41

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测点Landmarks	平均距离 D(mm)	标准差 σ(mm)	个数 n	测点Landmarks	平均距离 D(mm)	标准差 σ(mm)	个数 n
眉间点Glabella	0.59	0.33	28	鼻棘点Nasospinale	0.28	0.19	29
前囟点Bregma	0.21	0.21	28	鼻棘下点Subspinale	0.25	0.33	23
颅后点Opisthocranion	0.74	0.43	29	上齿槽前点Prosthion	0.29	0.29	28
大孔后缘点Opisthion	0.16	0.26	29	左眶外缘点Ectoconchion(L)	0.45	0.34	29
大孔前缘点Endobasion	0.19	0.20	28	右眶外缘点Ectoconchion(R)	0.50	0.33	28
颅底点Basion	0.38	0.32	29	左颧颌点Zygomaxillare(L)	0.28	0.26	28
左颅侧点Euryon(L)	0.62	0.28	27	右颧颌点Zygomaxillare(R)	0.32	0.23	28
右颅侧点Euryon(R)	0.67	0.43	27	左颞额颧点Frontomalare temporal(L)	0.48	0.19	28
左耳门上点Porion(L)	0.39	0.30	29	右颞额颧点Frontomalare temporal(R)	0.58	0.41	29
右耳门上点Porion(R)	0.44	0.32	29	左眶额颧点Frontomalare orbitale(L)	0.18	0.28	29
鼻根点Nasion	0.17	0.25	29	右眶额颧点Frontomalare orbitale(R)	0.33	0.26	29
左颌额点Maxillofrontale(L)	0.33	0.22	29	左颧点Zygion(L)	0.50	0.35	29
右颌额点Maxillofrontale(R)	0.42	0.31	29	右颧点Zygion(R)	0.50	0.30	29

测点Landmarks	平均距离 D(mm)	标准差 σ(mm)	个数 n	测点Landmarks	平均距离 D(mm)	标准差 σ(mm)	个数 n
眉间点Glabella	0.59	0.33	28	鼻棘点Nasospinale	0.28	0.19	29
前囟点Bregma	0.21	0.21	28	鼻棘下点Subspinale	0.25	0.33	23
颅后点Opisthocranion	0.74	0.43	29	上齿槽前点Prosthion	0.29	0.29	28
大孔后缘点Opisthion	0.16	0.26	29	左眶外缘点Ectoconchion(L)	0.45	0.34	29
大孔前缘点Endobasion	0.19	0.20	28	右眶外缘点Ectoconchion(R)	0.50	0.33	28
颅底点Basion	0.38	0.32	29	左颧颌点Zygomaxillare(L)	0.28	0.26	28
左颅侧点Euryon(L)	0.62	0.28	27	右颧颌点Zygomaxillare(R)	0.32	0.23	28
右颅侧点Euryon(R)	0.67	0.43	27	左颞额颧点Frontomalare temporal(L)	0.48	0.19	28
左耳门上点Porion(L)	0.39	0.30	29	右颞额颧点Frontomalare temporal(R)	0.58	0.41	29
右耳门上点Porion(R)	0.44	0.32	29	左眶额颧点Frontomalare orbitale(L)	0.18	0.28	29
鼻根点Nasion	0.17	0.25	29	右眶额颧点Frontomalare orbitale(R)	0.33	0.26	29
左颌额点Maxillofrontale(L)	0.33	0.22	29	左颧点Zygion(L)	0.50	0.35	29
右颌额点Maxillofrontale(R)	0.42	0.31	29	右颧点Zygion(R)	0.50	0.30	29

测量项 Variables	手工测量 Manual measurements		激光扫描模型测量 Measurements based on 3D laser scanning		绝对差值均数(mm) Mean of absolute difference	相对差异均数（%） Relative difference	配对t检验(p值) Paired t-test	个体数 n
测量项 Variables	平均值 (mm)	标准差 σ(mm)	平均值 (mm)	标准差 σ(mm)	绝对差值均数(mm) Mean of absolute difference	相对差异均数（%） Relative difference	配对t检验(p值) Paired t-test	个体数 n
颅骨最大长L_max of cranial	178.51	8.22	178.6	8.14	0.23	0.07	0.063	29
颅底长L of Basis	100.81	6.25	100.95	6.37	0.31	0.15	0.034*	27
枕孔最大长L of Foramen magnum I	36.57	2.59	36.76	2.58	0.24	0.33	0.405	28
颅骨最大宽b_maxof cranial	135.72	5.05	135.79	5.07	0.26	0.1	0.278	29
上面宽b of upper face	102.62	4.04	102.63	4.16	0.28	0.13	0.879	28
面宽b of face	103.84	7.12	103.81	7.07	0.23	0.09	0.568	29
中面宽b of Middle orbital I	99.75	4.48	99.77	4.48	0.33	0.17	0.839	29
左眶宽b of left orbital	40.64	1.46	40.70	1.63	0.35	0.43	0.449	29
右眶宽b of right orbital	41.51	1.73	41.44	1.76	0.28	0.34	0.265	29
两眶宽b of biorbital	96.10	3.35	95.82	3.31	0.42	0.22	0.001*	29
前眶间宽b of vordere interorbital breite	18.39	2.15	18.40	2.10	0.27	0.72	0.766	29
鼻宽b of Nasal	26.26	1.68	26.35	1.74	0.27	0.51	0.208	29
颅高h of Basi-bregma	135.09	9.88	135.07	9.86	0.28	0.1	0.676	29
耳上颅高h ofAuricular	113.36	5.68	113.63	5.66	0.44	0.19	0.003*	28
上面高h of upper facial	71.50	4.05	71.48	4.05	0.32	0.22	0.288	27
左眶高h of left orbital	34.15	1.26	34.38	1.27	0.40	0.58	0.001*	29
右眶高h of right orbital	34.04	1.17	34.44	1.21	0.47	0.69	0.005*	29
鼻高h of nasal	55.00	3.26	55.13	3.24	0.32	0.29	0.060	28
颅周C of horizontal	509.51	19.08	511.66	19.32	0.93	0.09	0.085	26
颅矢状弧L of Total sagital arc	363.46	16.38	364.27	16.07	0.43	0.06	0.532	28

测量项 Variables	手工测量 Manual measurements		激光扫描模型测量 Measurements based on 3D laser scanning		绝对差值均数(mm) Mean of absolute difference	相对差异均数（%） Relative difference	配对t检验(p值) Paired t-test	个体数 n
测量项 Variables	平均值 (mm)	标准差 σ(mm)	平均值 (mm)	标准差 σ(mm)	绝对差值均数(mm) Mean of absolute difference	相对差异均数（%） Relative difference	配对t检验(p值) Paired t-test	个体数 n
颅骨最大长L_max of cranial	178.51	8.22	178.6	8.14	0.23	0.07	0.063	29
颅底长L of Basis	100.81	6.25	100.95	6.37	0.31	0.15	0.034*	27
枕孔最大长L of Foramen magnum I	36.57	2.59	36.76	2.58	0.24	0.33	0.405	28
颅骨最大宽b_maxof cranial	135.72	5.05	135.79	5.07	0.26	0.1	0.278	29
上面宽b of upper face	102.62	4.04	102.63	4.16	0.28	0.13	0.879	28
面宽b of face	103.84	7.12	103.81	7.07	0.23	0.09	0.568	29
中面宽b of Middle orbital I	99.75	4.48	99.77	4.48	0.33	0.17	0.839	29
左眶宽b of left orbital	40.64	1.46	40.70	1.63	0.35	0.43	0.449	29
右眶宽b of right orbital	41.51	1.73	41.44	1.76	0.28	0.34	0.265	29
两眶宽b of biorbital	96.10	3.35	95.82	3.31	0.42	0.22	0.001*	29
前眶间宽b of vordere interorbital breite	18.39	2.15	18.40	2.10	0.27	0.72	0.766	29
鼻宽b of Nasal	26.26	1.68	26.35	1.74	0.27	0.51	0.208	29
颅高h of Basi-bregma	135.09	9.88	135.07	9.86	0.28	0.1	0.676	29
耳上颅高h ofAuricular	113.36	5.68	113.63	5.66	0.44	0.19	0.003*	28
上面高h of upper facial	71.50	4.05	71.48	4.05	0.32	0.22	0.288	27
左眶高h of left orbital	34.15	1.26	34.38	1.27	0.40	0.58	0.001*	29
右眶高h of right orbital	34.04	1.17	34.44	1.21	0.47	0.69	0.005*	29
鼻高h of nasal	55.00	3.26	55.13	3.24	0.32	0.29	0.060	28
颅周C of horizontal	509.51	19.08	511.66	19.32	0.93	0.09	0.085	26
颅矢状弧L of Total sagital arc	363.46	16.38	364.27	16.07	0.43	0.06	0.532	28

测量项 Variables	手工测量 Manual measurements		激光扫描模型测量 Measurements based on 3D laser scanning		绝对差值均数 Mean of absolute difference(°)	相对差异 Relative difference（%）	配对t检验(p) Paired t-test	例数 n
测量项 Variables	平均值(°)	标准差(°) σ	平均值(°)	标准差(°) σ	绝对差值均数 Mean of absolute difference(°)	相对差异 Relative difference（%）	配对t检验(p) Paired t-test	例数 n
总面角Total prognathism	85.09	2.92	85.23	2.62	0.51	0.3	0.731	28
中面角Middle prognathism I	85.8	2.61	86.04	2.28	0.50	0.3	0.276	27
中面角Middle prognathism II	86.43	2.97	86.70	2.21	0.73	0.42	0.769	26
齿槽面角Alveo prognathismⅠ	80.48	6.41	80.01	6.37	0.43	0.25	0.786	27
齿槽面角Alveo prognathism II	77.22	7.17	76.82	7.03	0.37	0.23	0.292	27
鼻颧角naso-malar angle	146.94	6.41	146.36	6.45	1.88	0.64	0.165	29
颧额角zygomaxillary angle	131.30	7.31	131.13	7.01	1.34	0.52	0.592	29