Human adaptive behaviors during the Middle Pleistocene Climatic Transition in the Nihewan Basin

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0076

Abstract

Abstract:

The relationship between hominin evolution, technological developments, and environmental change has always been at the frontier of academic attention. The mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition (MPT) where the cycle, frequency and amplitude of climate change alters, occurred between 1.25 and 0.7 MaBP. This critical period promoted an initial migration wave of Homo erectus (Out of Africa I) and accelerated the spread of Homo erectus(equipped with Acheulean technology) to Eurasia from Africa. According to recent studies, the spread of Homo erectus taking Oldowan toolkits to middle/high latitudes of East Asia can be traced back to 2.12 MaBP. Around 1.66 MaBP, humans occupied the Nihewan Basin, leaving behind abundant and dense Paleolithic archaeological sites showing clear diverse and flexible adaptive behavioral characteristics. This paper presents a preliminary study between environmental change and human survival behaviors of several important sites (Feiliang, Madigou, Cenjiawan, and Dongutuo, etc.) during the MPT from the Cenjiawan platform in the eastern part of the Nihewan Basin.

Raw material procurement and exploration strategies indicate that local materials were adopted by early humans in the Cenjiawan platform. Exploration of different raw materials from sites depended on the distance from the raw material source instead of being directly influenced by environmental fluctuations. Freehand direct hard hammer percussion was the dominant technique especially during the MPT period. Although bipolar knapping was adopted by early humans, it had a complementary role that showed flexibility in knapping skills and enhancement of cognitive abilities of early humans to overcome constraints imposed by different qualities of raw materials. Attribute analysis of cores and flakes showed that core reduction and flaking procedures improved during the MPT period. The high quality of chert was selected as the most favorable raw material for stone knapping in the Nihewan Basin. Not only the number of tool types increased and the degree of retouch methods diversified, but complexity of various types of small scrapers, points, bores, notches, denticulates and multi-edged small tools increased significantly over time. In addition, evidence of core rotation and bifacial working of small clasts across some of the Nihewan assemblages like the Madigou knappers indicate that hominins had the ability to fashion bifacial implements and potentially LCTs. It can be deduced that increased environmental fluctuation and paleoecological variability during the MPT may have contributed to technological flexibility and diversification in response to new climatic challenges.

This paper provides new insights into the understanding of human behavioral adaptation that corresponded with environmental fluctuations from African to high-latitude arid-semi-arid regions in East Asia.

Key words: Nihewan Basin, Mid-Pleistocene, Climate transition, Human adaptive behavior, Environmental fluctuation

CLC Number:

PEI Shuwen, XU Zhe, YE Zhi, MA Dongdong, JIA Zhenxiu. Human adaptive behaviors during the Middle Pleistocene Climatic Transition in the Nihewan Basin[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2024, 43(01): 19-39.

Figures/Tables 9

References 98

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遗址Site	地理坐标Coordinate	年代Age (Ma)	文化层岩性Lithology of Archaeological layer	遗物Remain(n)		动物资源利用 Animal resources exploitation	参考文献References
遗址Site	地理坐标Coordinate	年代Age (Ma)	文化层岩性Lithology of Archaeological layer	石制品Lithics	化石Fossil	动物资源利用 Animal resources exploitation	参考文献References
马圈沟Majuangou	40°13′31″N, 114°39′50″E	1.66~1.55	黏土质粉砂	780	1157	有	[28] [66]
小长梁Xiaochangliang	40°13′10″N, 114°39′44″E	1.36	粉砂	1184	3291	?	[37] [39] [65] [68]
飞梁Feiliang	40°13′26~27″N, 114°40′06~07″E	1.2	黏土质粉砂	976	2387	有	[58] [69-70]
麻地沟Madigou	40°13′07~16″N, 114°39′58″~40′18″E	1.2	粉砂	1518	900	有	[40] [70-71]
岑家湾Cenjiawan	40°13′47″N, 114°40′13″E	1.1	粉砂质黏土	2015	685	?	[42] [72?-74]
东谷坨Donggutuo	40°13′23″N, 114°40′16″E	1.1	粉砂	1251	1443	有	[41] [70] [75-76]
马梁Maliang	40°13′23″N, 114°40′41″E	0.8	砂	197	1500	?	[41] [77-78]

遗址Site	地理坐标Coordinate	年代Age (Ma)	文化层岩性Lithology of Archaeological layer	遗物Remain(n)		动物资源利用 Animal resources exploitation	参考文献References
遗址Site	地理坐标Coordinate	年代Age (Ma)	文化层岩性Lithology of Archaeological layer	石制品Lithics	化石Fossil	动物资源利用 Animal resources exploitation	参考文献References
马圈沟Majuangou	40°13′31″N, 114°39′50″E	1.66~1.55	黏土质粉砂	780	1157	有	[28] [66]
小长梁Xiaochangliang	40°13′10″N, 114°39′44″E	1.36	粉砂	1184	3291	?	[37] [39] [65] [68]
飞梁Feiliang	40°13′26~27″N, 114°40′06~07″E	1.2	黏土质粉砂	976	2387	有	[58] [69-70]
麻地沟Madigou	40°13′07~16″N, 114°39′58″~40′18″E	1.2	粉砂	1518	900	有	[40] [70-71]
岑家湾Cenjiawan	40°13′47″N, 114°40′13″E	1.1	粉砂质黏土	2015	685	?	[42] [72?-74]
东谷坨Donggutuo	40°13′23″N, 114°40′16″E	1.1	粉砂	1251	1443	有	[41] [70] [75-76]
马梁Maliang	40°13′23″N, 114°40′41″E	0.8	砂	197	1500	?	[41] [77-78]