Core reduction and modification of stone artifacts from Chahayang farm, Heilongjiang

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0010

Abstract

Abstract:

The Chahayang state-run farm is located in Gannan County, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, on the right bank of the Nenjiang River in the western margin of the Songnan Plain. The Palaeolithic archaeological field work and systematic excavations in Heilongjiang Province started in the 1930s. Thus far, more than 100 sites or localities have been reported or published, mainly for the Upper Palaeolithic. A new field survey was conducted in Gannan County in 2017 jointly by the Institute of Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, and the Heilongjiang Provincial Archaeology and Cultural Relics Institute. Upper Palaeolithic deposits and local jasper raw materials were found in a large area around Taipinghu Reservoir. In 2018, an excavation was conducted at a locality, named the Chahayang E2 locality in the Northeast Eighth Operation Area of the Taipinghu Reservoir Administrative Region (48°23′N, 124°1′E, H 295m) of this Farm. A total of 4624 stone artifacts were discovered including cores (n=23), complete flakes (267), micro-flaked flakes (10), blades (6), scrapers (9), fragments (126), chunks (156), and blanks (3096). The lithic assemblage is mainly produced by direct hammer percussion. This paper describes two distinct technological assemblages. A flake technology that is the local and dominant assemblage in North China, characterized by free-hand core reduction without preparation and simple tool modification. The other is blade technology represented by blade cores with platform preparation and working surfaces for the production of blades. The shapes of blade cores are varied, including wedge, prismatic and narrow-faced. Modified tools are represented by scrapers. Heavy duty tools are not evident at this site or in the surrounding area. This technological study provides a new reference for the origin, dispersal and development of blade technology in the Nenjiang River Basin. The period dates from the end of late Pleistocene to the early Holocene when environmental changes were severe, and the value of this work is in recognizing the evolution of cultural change in northeast China, and furthering discussion of migration dispersal and cultural diffusion in northeast Asia.

Key words: Nenjiang River, Chahayang, lithics, technology, Late Pleistocene

CLC Number:

K871.11

ZHANG Xuewei, WANG Chunxue, LI Youqian. Core reduction and modification of stone artifacts from Chahayang farm, Heilongjiang[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(06): 967-981.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 Stone artifact localities discovered in the Chahayang state-run farm area

Fig.2 Excavation location and stratigraphic deposit in the Chahayang E2 locality

Tab.1 Quantity and percentage of stone artifacts collected from the Chahayang E2 locality

类型Categories		数量Number	占比Percentage
石核Cores	石叶状石核Blade-cores	21	0.45%
石核Cores	片状石核Flake-cores	12	0.26%
剥坯产品Debitage products	完整石片Complete flakes	267	5.77%
	有微细剥离痕的石片Micro flaking flakes	10	0.22%
	石叶Blades	6	0.13%
石器Retouched tools	边刮器Scrapers	9	0.19%
其他Other	断片Fragments	126	2.72%
	断块Chunks	156	3.37%
	岩块Blanks	4017	86.89%
总计Total		4624	100%

Fig.3 Flake-cores and form of debitage[25]

Fig.4 Complete flakes from the Chahayang E2 locality

Fig.5 Type A blade-core from the Chahayang E2 locality

Fig.6 Type B blade-core from the Chahayang E2 locality

Fig.7 Type C blade-core from the Chahayang E2 locality

Fig.8 Blade-cores debitage from the Chahayang E2 locality[25]

Fig.9 Core retaining flakes scar direction from the Chahayang E2 locality

Fig.10 Blades from the Chahayang E2 locality

Fig.11 Stone tools from the Chahayang E2 locality

Tab.2 Comparison of average tool size and complete flakes from the Chahayang E2 locality

项目Item	类型Categories	平均值Average(mm)	标准差Standard deviation(mm)	变异系数CV
石器Tools	长度Length	27.5	6.5	0.2
	宽度Width	31	6.2	0.2
	厚度Thickness	10.5	2.7	0.3
完整石片Complete Flakes	长度Length	21.2	6.6	0.3
	宽度Width	24.8	9.1	0.4
	厚度Thickness	6.5	3.2	0.5

Fig.12 Retouch length and sharpening index of tools from the Chahayang E2 locality

Fig.13 Raw materials of central stockyard of the Chahayang farm

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