Mammalian fossils from the Middle Pleistocene human site of Bailongdong in Yunxi, Hubei

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0064

Abstract

Abstract:

Bailongdong (or Bailong Cave), a cave site of ancient humans, is positioned at Yunxi County which is located in the northwest part of Hubei Province. The principal archaeological finds from Bailongdong include 8 human teeth, a couple of stone and bone artifacts as well as numerous mammalian fossils. Whereas the geologic age of the site is still debateful so far, mainly because of the evidence from the mammalian fossils were not well explored. This study covers all the available specimens unearthed during the past four decades, which are currently reposited in the Cultural Relics Station of Yunxi County and the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of CAS. The results show that the Bailongdong fauna is composed of 32 mammalian species (including undetermined species) which is dominated by Bos(Bibos) gaurus grangeri, Pseudois nayaur, Sus lydekkeri and diversified deers (Elaphodus cephalophus, Muntiacus cf. reevesi, Muntiacus muntjak, Cervus grayi, Rusa unicolor); In addition, the following taxa are also presented: Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus sp., Ochotona sp., Leopoldamys edwardsi, Rhizomys sinensis, Hystrix subcristata, Canis mosbachensis variabilis, Cuon javanicus antiquus, Nyctereutes sinensis, Ursus thibetanus, Ailuropoda baconi, Arctonyx collaris rostratus, Pachycrocuta sinensis, Catopuma temmincki, Neofelis nebulosa, Panthera tigris, Panthera pardus, Homotherium sp., Stegodon orientalis, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis, Megatapirus augustus, Capricornis sumatraensis kanjereus and Bubalus sp., and the extinct taxa account for 43.75%; but monkeys are lacking and porcupines are few, which is unusual for its geographical and chronological positions; moreover, the general composition agrees well with that of the Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna. Such taxa of Bailongdong fauna as A. baconi, P. sinensis, A. c. rostratus, P. tigris and M. augustus nearly reached the maximum peak in dimensions of their kinds respectively. Based on the faunal composition and evolutionary levels, the age of Bailongdong fauna should correspond to the Middle Pleistocene, which is very close to the Yanjinggou fauna and the fauna of the Nanjing Man site.

Key words: Mammalian fossils, Bailongdong, Yunxi of Hubei, Middle Pleistocene

CLC Number:

Q915

TONG Haowen, ZHANG Bei, WU Xianzhu, QU Shengming. Mammalian fossils from the Middle Pleistocene human site of Bailongdong in Yunxi, Hubei[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(04): 613-640.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1 Location map of Bailongdong and other early human sites in the adjacent regions

Fig.2 Micromammals from Bailongdong

Fig. 3 Carnivores from Bailongdong

Fig.4 Hyena and big cats from Bailongdong

Fig. 5 Proboscidean, perissodactyls and suids from Bailongdong 1~3. 东方剑齿象Stegodon orientalis, 1. 右 DP2, IVPP V 26159.1; 2. 右 DP2, IVPP V 26159.2; 3. 左DI2, IVPP V 26159.3; 4~6. 苏门犀Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, 4. 右I1, IVPP V 26160.1; 5. 左i2, IVPP V 26160.2; 6. 右股骨, IVPP V 26161.5; 7~12. 基什贝尔格犀Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis, 7. 右M2, IVPP V 26161.1; 8. 右M2, IVPP V 26161.2; 9. 左DP1, IVPP V 26161.3; 10. 右dp1, YXM-004; 11. 右Mc III, YXM-005;12. 右距骨, IVPP V 26161.4;13~17. 华南巨貘Megatapirus augustus, 13. 右P4, IVPP V 26162.1; 14. 左M1, IVPP V 26162.2; 15. 右p4, IVPP V 26162.3; 16. 下颌联合部带左i1~c和右i1~2, c, IVPP V 26162.4; 17. 右距骨, IVPP V 26162.5;18~23. 李氏野猪Sus lydekkeri, 18. 左C (♂) , IVPP V 26163.1; 19. 左C (♀) , IVPP V 26163.2; 20. 左M3, IVPP V 26163.3; 21. 右侧下颌骨带下颌联合部, IVPP V 26163.4; 22. 左m3, IVPP V 26163.5;23. 左I2,IVPP V 26163.6.3, 4a, 7, 16b, 21b, 颊侧视; 1~2, 4b, 5a, 8~10, 13~15, 20, 22, 冠面视; 6, 12, 17a, 前视; 17b, 18, 后视; 23, 唇侧视; 5b, 16a, 背视; 5c, 17b, 19, 腹视; 11, 近端视. 无刻度的比例尺均代表10 mm.

Fig.6. The orientation of the lower canine of male wild boar (Sus scrofa)

Fig.7 Fossil ruminants from Hualong Cave

References 115

[1]	群力. 湖北郧西县白龙洞又发现猿人牙齿化石[J] . 人类学学报, 1983,2(2):203
[2]	武仙竹, 李禹阶, 裴树文, 等. 湖北郧西白龙洞遗址骨化石表面痕迹现象研究[J]. 第四纪研究, 2008,28(6):1023-1033
[3]	武仙竹, 裴树文, 吴秀杰, 等. 湖北郧西白龙洞古人类遗址初步研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2009,28(1):1-15
[4]	武仙竹, 王运辅, 周乐鹏, 等. 白龙洞古人类遗址三维数字模型的建立与初步分析[J]. 第四纪研究, 2010,30(2):402-409
[5]	李潇丽, 武仙竹, 裴树文. 湖北郧西白龙洞洞穴发育与古人类生存环境探讨[J]. 第四纪研究, 2012,32(2):199-208
[6]	刘武, 吴秀杰, 邢松, 等. 中国古人类化石[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2014: 1-378
[7]	Liu X, Shen G, Tu H, et al. Initial ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be burial dating of the hominin site Bailong Cave in Hubei Province, central China[J]. Quaternary International, 2015,389:235-240 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.10.028 URL
[8]	Kong YF, Deng CL, Liu W, et al. Magnetostratigraphic dating of the hominin occupation of Bailong Cave, central China[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28065-x doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71712-5 URL pmid: 32895444
[9]	Han F, Shao QF, Bahain JJ, et al. Coupled ESR and U-series dating of Middle Pleistocene hominin site Bailongdong cave, China[J]. Quaternary Geochronology, 2019,49:291-296 doi: 10.1016/j.quageo.2018.02.004 URL
[10]	刘宇飞. 湖北白龙洞动物群研究[D]. 重庆师范大学硕士学位论文, 2016: 1-49
[11]	王晓敏, 许春华, 同号文. 湖北郧西白龙洞古人类遗址的大额牛化石[J]. 人类学学报, 2015,34(3):338-352
[12]	韩德芬, 许春华. 中国南方第四纪哺乳动物群兼论原始人类的生活环境[A]. 见: 吴汝康,吴新智,张森水．中国远古人类[C]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1989: 338-391
[13]	金昌柱, 郑家坚, 王元, 等. 中国南方早更新世主要哺乳动物群层序对比和动物地理[J]. 人类学学报, 2008,27(4):304-317
[14]	马安成, 汤虎良. 浙江金华全新世大熊猫-剑齿象动物群的发现及其意义[J]. 古脊椎动物学报, 1992,30(4):295-312
[15]	郑绍华. 和县猿人地点小哺乳动物群[J]. 古脊推动物与古人类, 1983,21(3):230-240
[16]	Kowalski K, 李传夔. 周口店第一地点蝙蝠动物群的新材料[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1963,7(2):144-150
[17]	Pei WC. On the mammalian remains from locality 3 at Choukoutien[M]. Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series C, 1936,7(5):1-108
[18]	金昌柱, 刘金毅. 安徽繁昌人字洞—早期人类活动遗址[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009: 1-439
[19]	黄万波, 方其仁. 巫山猿人遗址[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 1991: 1-229
[20]	郑绍华. 建始人遗址[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2004: 1-412
[21]	冯祚建, 郑昌琳. 中国鼠兔属(Ochotona)的研究—分类与分布[J]. 兽类学报, 1985,5(4):269-289
[22]	武仙竹. 郧西人—黄龙洞遗址发掘报告[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2006: 1-271
[23]	Kawamura Y. Quaternary rodent faunas in the Japanese islands. Part II[M]. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 1989,54(1/2):1-235
[24]	郑绍华. 川黔地区第四纪啮齿类[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1993: 1-270
[25]	欧阳新举. 中华竹鼠(Rhizomys sinensis vestitus Milne-Edwards)的初步观察[J]. 动物学杂志, 1960, (5):10-12
[26]	Wei GB, Kawamura Y, Jin CZ. A new bamboo rat from the Early Pleistocene of Renzidong cave in Fanchang, Anhui, Central China[J]. The Quaternary Research, 2004,43(1):49-62 doi: 10.4116/jaqua.43.49 URL
[27]	同号文. 周口店田园洞古人类化石点的无颈鬃豪猪(Hystrix subcristata)[J]. 古脊椎动物学报, 2005,43(2):135-150
[28]	Tong HW. Quaternary Hystrix (Rodentia, Mammalia) from North China: Taxonomy, stratigraphy and zoogeography, with discussions on the distribution of Hystrix in Palearctic Eurasia[J]. Quaternary International, 2007,179:126-134 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.003 URL
[29]	Colbert EH, Hooijer DA. Pleistocene mammals from the limestone fissures of Szechuan, China[M]. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1953,102(1):1-134
[30]	Pei WC. On the Carnivora from Locality 1 of Choukoutien[M]. Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series C, 1934,8(1):1-216
[31]	Teilhard de Chardin P Pei WC. The fossil mammals from Locality 13 of Choukoutien[M]. Palaeontologia Sinica, Series C, 1941(11):1-106
[32]	Jiangzuo QG, Liu JY, Wagner J, et al. Taxonomical revision of fossil Canis in Middle Pleistocene sites of Zhoukoudian, Beijing, China and a review of fossil records of Canis mosbachensis variabilis in China[J]. Quaternary International, 2018,482:93-108 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2018.04.003 URL
[33]	林一朴, 潘悦容, 陆庆伍. 云南元谋早更新世哺乳动物群[A]. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所编,古人类论文集[C]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1978: 101-125
[34]	裴文中. 广西柳城巨猿洞及其他山洞之食肉目、长鼻目和啮齿目化石[M]. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所集刊第18号. 北京: 科学出版社, 1987: 1-134
[35]	郑龙亭, 黄万波. 和县人遗址[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 2001: 1-126
[36]	邱中郎, 许春华, 张维华, 等. 南召发现的人类和哺乳类化石[J]. 人类学学报, 1982,1(2):109-117
[37]	胡长康, 齐陶. 陕西蓝田公王岭更新世哺乳动物群[M]. 中国古生物志:新丙种(第21号), 1978: 1-64
[38]	李天元, 冯小波. 郧县人[M]. 武汉: 湖北科学技术出版社, 2001: 1-218
[39]	Echassoux A, Moigne A-M, Moullé P-É, et al. Les faunes de grands mammifères du site de l’Homme de Yunxian[A]. In: De Lumley H, Li TY (Eds), Le Site de l’Homme de Yunxian[M]. Paris: CNRS édition, 2008: 253-364
[40]	刘金毅, 房迎三, 张镇洪. 食肉目Carnivora Bowdich, 1821[A].见: 房迎三,董为.南京驼子洞早更新世哺乳动物群[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2007: 25-67
[41]	南京市博物馆, 北京大学考古学系汤山考古发掘队. 南京人化石地点(1993-1994) [M]. 北京: 文物出版社, 1996: 1-306
[42]	刘金毅, 邱占祥. 食肉目[A].见:金昌柱,刘金毅(主编).安徽繁昌人字洞——早期人类活动遗址[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009: 286-320
[43]	金昌柱, 董为, 高星, 等. 安徽芜湖金盆洞旧石器地点2002年发掘报告[J]. 人类学学报, 2004,23(4):281-291
[44]	江左其杲, 刘金毅, 王元, 等. 大连骆驼山金远洞埃楚斯堪熊(Ursus etruscus)新材料及中国Ursus cf. etruscus材料的简要回顾[J]. 第四纪研究, 2017,37(4):828-837
[45]	Baryshnikov G. Middle Pleistocene Ursus thibetanus (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Kudaro caves in the Caucasus[J]. Proceeding of the Zoological Institute RAS, 2010,314:67-79
[46]	Jin CZ, Ciochon RL, Dong W, et al. The first skull of the earliest giant panda[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2007,104(26):10932-10937 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0704198104 URL
[47]	Baryshnikov GF, Puzachenko AY, Abramov AV. New analysis of variability of cheek teeth in Eurasian badgers (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Meles)[J]. Russian Journal of Theriology, 2003,1:133-149 doi: 10.15298/rusjtheriol.01.2.07 URL
[48]	Popowics TE. Postcanine dental form in the Mustelidae and Viverridae (Carnivora: Mammalia)[J]. Journal of Morphology, 2003,256(3):322-341 doi: 10.1002/jmor.10091 URL pmid: 12655614
[49]	Jiangzuo QG, Liu JY, Wagner J, et al. Taxonomical revision of “ Arctonyx ” fossil remains from the Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave (South China) by means of morphotype and morphometrics, and a review of Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Meles fossil records in China[J]. Palaeoworld, 2018,27:282-300 doi: 10.1016/j.palwor.2017.12.001 URL
[50]	同号文, 刘金毅, 张双权. 周口店田园洞大中型哺乳动物记述[J]. 人类学学报, 2004,23(3):213-221
[51]	同号文, 吴秀杰, 董哲, 等. 安徽东至华龙洞2014-2016出土哺乳动物化石初步研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2018,36(2):284-305
[52]	Helgen KM, Lim NT-L, Helgen LE. The hog-badger is not an edentate: systematics and evolution of the genus Arctonyx (Mammalia: Mustelidae)[J]. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008,154:353-385 doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00416.x URL pmid: 32287392
[53]	江左其杲, 张贝, 邓里, 等. 江西萍乡杨家湾2号洞的食肉目: 兼论华南第四纪晚期有关食肉类牙齿鉴定[A]. 见: 董为(主编)．第十六届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集[C]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 2018: 119-146
[54]	Kretzoi M. Die Raubtiere Von Gombaszog nebst einer Uebersicht der Gesamtfauna. (Ein Beitrag zur Stratigraphie des Altquartaers)[J]. Annates Museum Rationale Hungaricum, 1938,31:88-157
[55]	Ficcarelli G, Torr D. Remarks on the taxonomy of hyaenids[J]. Paleontographia Italica, 1970,36:13-33
[56]	Galiano H, Frailey D. Chasmaporthetes kani, new species from China, with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the Hyaenidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)[J]. American Museum Novitates, 1977,2632:1-16
[57]	Howell FE, Petter G. The Pachycrocuta and Hyaena lineages (Plio-Pleistocene and extant species of the Hyaenidae). Their relationships with Miocene ictitheres: Palhyaena and Hyaenictitherium[J]. Geobios, 1980,13:579-623
[58]	黄万波. 我国更新世两属鬣狗(Hyaena, Crocuta)的关系与分类[J]. 古脊椎动物学报, 1989,27(3):197-204
[59]	Turner A, Anton M. The giant hyaena Pachycrocuta brevirostris (Mammalia, Carnivora, Hyaenidae)[J]. Geobios, 1996,29(4):455-468
[60]	刘金毅. 中国硕鬣狗(Pachycrocuta sinensis)的研究综述—与现生两属Hyaena和Crocuta的系统发育关系浅析[A]. 见: 邓涛, 王元(主编)．第八届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集[C], 北京: 海洋出版社, 2001: 149-157
[61]	陆成秋. 湖北建始杨家坡洞晚更新世哺乳动物群[A]．见: 董为(主编), 第十二届古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集[C], 北京: 海洋出版社, 2010: 97-120
[62]	Sardella R, Petrucci M. Earliest Middle Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben, 1777) at Casal Selce (Rome, Italy)[J]. Quaternary International, 2012,267(4):103-110
[63]	Tseng ZJ, Chang CH. A study of new material of Crocuta crocuta ultima Carnivora: Hyaenidae) from the Quaternary of Taiwan[J]. Collection and Research, 2007,20:9-19
[64]	高耀亭. 食肉目[M]. 中国动物志：哺乳纲（第八卷）. 北京: 科学出版社, 1987: 1-377
[65]	陈德珍, 祁国琴. 云南西畴人类化石及共生的哺乳动物群[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1978,16(1):33-46
[66]	Christiansen P. Species distinction and evolutionary differences in the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) and Diard’s clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi)[J]. Journal of Mammalogy, 2008,89(6):1435-1446
[67]	Sicuro FL, Oliveira LFB. Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective[J]. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011,161(2):414-462
[68]	马建章, 金昆. 虎研究[M]. 上海: 上海科技教育出版社, 2003: 1-362
[69]	Mazák JH, Christiansen P, Kitchener AC. Oldest known Pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger[J]. PLoS ONE, 2011,6(10):e25483 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 URL pmid: 22016768
[70]	尤玉柱, 祁国琴. 云南元谋更新世哺乳动物化石新材料[J]. 古脊椎动物学报, 1973,11(1):68-87
[71]	邱占祥, 邓涛, 王伴月. 甘肃东乡龙担早更新世哺乳动物群[M]. 中国古生物志, 新丙种, 2004,27:1-198
[72]	Teilhard de Chardin P. Fossil mammals from locality 9 of Choukoutien[M]. Palaeontologia Sinica, Series C, 1936,7(4):1-61
[73]	郑绍华, 韩德芬. 七、哺乳类化石[A]. 见: 张森水,等.金牛山(1978年发掘)旧石器遗址综合研究[M]. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所集刊, 1993,19:43-128
[74]	Werdelin L, Sardella R. The “Homotherium” from Langebaanweg, South Africa and the origin of Homotherium[J]. Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 2006,277:123-130
[75]	O’Regan HJ, Turner A, Wilkinson DM. European Quaternary refugia: A factor in large carnivore extinction?[J]. Journal of Quaternary Science, 2014,17(8):789-795
[76]	Reumer JWF, Rook L, Borg KVD, et al. Late Pleistocene survival of the saber-toothed cat Homotherium in Northwestern Europe[J]. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2003,23(1):260-262
[77]	Qiu ZX. Quaternary environmental changes and evolution of large mammals in North China[J]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 2006,44(2):109-132
[78]	van den Bergh GD, Awe RD, Morwood MJ, et al. The youngest Stegodon remains in Southeast Asia from the Late Pleistocene archaeological site Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia[J]. Quaternary International, 2008,182(1):16-48
[79]	Raubenheimer EJ, Heerden WFPV, Niekerk PJV, et al. Morphology of the deciduous tusk (tush) of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)[J]. Archives of Oral Biology, 1995,40(6):571-576 URL pmid: 7677604
[80]	同号文, 王法岗, 郑敏, 等. 泥河湾盆地新发现的梅氏犀及裴氏板齿犀化石[J]. 人类学学报, 2014,33(3):369-388
[81]	Guérin C. Les Rhinocéros (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du Miocène Terminal au Pléistocène Superieur en Europe Occidentale: Comparaison avec les Espèces Actuelles[M]. Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie de Lyon, 1980,79(1-3):1-1185
[82]	Yan YL, Wang Y, Jin CZ, et al. New remains of Rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) associated with Gigantopithecus blacki from the Early Pleistocene Yanliang Cave, Fusui, South China[J]. Quaternary International, 2014,354:110-121
[83]	Pocock RI. The premaxillae in the Asiatic rhinoceroses[J]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1944,11(11):834-842
[84]	Tong HW. Evolution of the non-Coelodonta dicerorhine lineage in China[J]. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2012,11:555-562
[85]	Pocock RI. Some cranial and dental characters of existing species of Asiatic rhinoceros[J]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1945,114:437-450
[86]	Flower WH. On some cranial and dental characters of the existing species of rhinoceroses[J]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1876,16:443-457
[87]	同号文, 武仙竹. 湖北神农架犀牛洞梅氏犀(真犀科,哺乳动物纲)化石[J]. 科学通报, 2010,55(11):1015-1025
[88]	Hooijer DA. Prehistoric and fossil rhinoceroses from the Malay Archipelago and India[J]. Zoologische Mededeelingen, 1946,26:1-138
[89]	同号文, 邱占祥. 奇蹄目[A]. 见: 金昌柱, 刘金毅.安徽繁昌人字洞—早期人类活动遗址[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009: 286-320
[90]	Hardjasasmita HS. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Suidae (Mammalia) in Indonesia[J]. Scripta Geologica, 1987,85:1-68
[91]	Fujita M, Kawamura Y, Murase N. Middle Pleistocene wild boar remains from NT Cave, Niimi, Okayama Prefecture, west Japan[J]. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 2000,43(4):57-95
[92]	Bärmann EV, Rössner GE. Dental nomenclature in Ruminantia: Towards a standard terminological frame work[J] . Mammalian Biology-Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 2011,76(6):762-768
[93]	Zhang B, Chen X, Tong HW. Tooth remains of Late Pleistocene moschid and cervid (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Yangjiawan and Fuyan Caves of southern China[J]. Quaternary International, 2018,490:21-32
[94]	Young CC. On the artiodactyla from the Sinanthropus site at Choukoutien[M]. Palaeontologia Sinica, Series C, 1932,8(2):1-100
[95]	同号文, 张双权, 李青, 等. 北京房山十渡西太平洞晚更新世哺乳动物化石[J]. 古脊椎动物学报, 2008,46(1):51-70
[96]	裴文中. 哺乳动物化石的研究[A].见: 裴文中(主编). 山西襄汾县丁村旧石器时代遗址发掘报告[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1958: 21-74
[97]	Mead JI, Jin CZ, Wei GB, et al. New data on Leptobos crassus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) from Renzidong Cave, Early Pleistocene (Nihewanian) of Anhui, China, and an overview of the genus[J]. Quaternary International, 2014,354:139-146
[98]	Dong W. Biochronological framework of Homo erectus horizons in China[J]. Quaternary International, 2016,400:47-57
[99]	Thaung Htike. Paleoecological evolution of the fossil Suidae(Mammalia. Artioductyla) in Neogene of Central Myanmar[J]. Mandalay University Research Journal, 2015,6:147-148
[100]	van der Made J, Han DF. Suoidea from the Upper Miocene hominoid locality of Lufeng, Yunnan Province, China[J]. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1994,97:27-82
[101]	Ghosh M. The craniology and dentition in the pigmy hog, with a note on the genetic status of Porcula Hodgson, 1847[J]. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 1988,85:245-266
[102]	Funk SM. The pygmy hog is a unique genus: 19^th century taxonomists got it right first time round[J]. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 2007,45(2):427-436 URL pmid: 17905601
[103]	Kalita PC, Deka A, Kalita A, et al. Morphology of the skull of pygmy hog (Porcula salvanias)- A forensic approach[J]. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 2015,8(1):23-26
[104]	Hodgson BH. On a new form of the hog kind or Suidae[J]. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1847,16:423-428
[105]	张兆群, 冯小波. 食肉目Carnivora Bodwich, 1821[A]. 见: 郑绍华.建始人遗址[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2004: 185-220
[106]	刘金毅. 食肉目[A].见: 吴汝康等编, 南京直立人[M]. 南京: 江苏科学技术出版社, 2002: 102-110
[107]	Matthew WD, Granger W. New fossil mammals from the Pliocene of Sze-Cuuan, China[J]. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1923,48:563-598
[108]	Teilhard de Chardin P, Young CC, Pei WC, et al. On the Cenozoic formations of Kwangsi and Kwangtung[J]. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 1934,13:179-205
[109]	陈少坤, 庞丽波, 贺存定, 等. 重庆市盐井沟第四纪哺乳动物化石经典产地的新发现与时代解释[J]. 科学通报, 2013,58(20):1962-1968
[110]	卡尔克 (胡长康译). 关于中国南方剑齿象-熊猫动物群和巨猿的时代[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1961, (02):83-108
[111]	薛祥煦, 李传令, 邓涛, 等. 陕西洛南龙牙洞动物群的特点、时代及环境[J]. 古脊椎动物学报, 1999,37(4):309-325
[112]	李永项, 胡松梅, 王社江, 等. 陕西洛南龙牙洞小哺乳动物化石新材料[J]. 古脊椎动物学报, 2016(4):332-350
[113]	Suraprasit K, Jaeger JJ, Chaimanee Y, et al. A complete skull of Crocuta crocuta ultima indicates a late Middle Pleistocene age for the Khok Sung (northeastern Thailand) vertebrate fauna[J]. Quaternary International, 2015,374:34-45
[114]	Suraprasit K, Jaeger JJ, Chaimanee Y, et al. The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications[J]. Zookeys, 2016,613:1-157
[115]	Markova AK. Pleistocene mammal faunas of Eastern Europe[J]. Quaternary International, 2007,160(1):100-111