体成分指的是身体脂肪、蛋白质、肌肉、水等含量在体质量中所占的百分比。各成分之间的合理比例,对于维持机体的正常运行,十分重要。因此身体成分的研究一直是国内外研究的热点。体成分存在着人种和民族差异,因此它也是人类学研究的重要课题。目前的研究主要集中在中国青少年、大学生的体成分及体成分与其他身体指标的关系,而对于土家族的研究及不同地方间土家族的比较研究匮乏。本文采用生物电阻抗分析法,比较湖南、湖北、贵州土家族成人的体成分特点。旨在更全面的了解土家族的身体成分特点,探讨遗传、环境、饮食等因素对身体成分的影响。方法采取随机取样,测量湖北省、湖南省、贵州省959例（男性411例,平均年龄为53.7±14.2岁,女性548例,平均年龄为51.0±13.6岁）土家族成人19项身体成分指标,运用Excel 2007、SPSS 19.0对其各项指标进行方差分析(ANOVA)、Person相关分析及独立样本T检验分析。不同地区土家族男性身体成分的单因素方差分析结果显示,除总肌肉量、推定骨量、右上肢肌肉量、躯干肌肉量外,湖南、湖北和贵州土家族男性各项指标间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,不同地区的土家族女性中,除体质量、推定骨量、总能量代谢、右上肢肌肉量、右下肢肌肉量、左下肢脂肪率外,其余13项指标间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。根据体脂率标准显示,除湖南土家族女性外,湖北、贵州及湖南土家族成人均属于正常范围,且其肥胖多属于中心性肥胖,脂肪多堆积于腹部,患慢性疾病的可能性较大,这与湖南地区人民生活水平较高有关。三个地区中,湖北省成人的肌肉较发达,湖南、湖北地区成人及贵州地区的女性,都呈现右肢肌肉量略高于左肢肌肉量的趋势,贵州男性左右下肢肌肉量相近;贵州地区推定骨量含量高,其骨骼更强壮。

Body composition refers to the percentage of body fat, protein, muscle, water, etc. in body weight. A reasonable ratio between these components is important to maintain normal body operations, and with ethnic differences in body composition, this topic is key in anthropological research. Our current research focuses on the relationship between body composition of Chinese adolescents and college students with other physical indicators; in particular there is a lack of comparative research on the Tujia nationality. In this paper, the bioelectrical impedance analysis method was used to compare body composition characteristics of Tujia adults in Hunan, Hubei and Guizhou in order to explore the effects of genetics, environment, diet etc. on body composition. A random sample of 959 (411 males, average age 53.7±14.2 years; 548 females, average age 51.0±13.6 years) was studied. Excel 2007 and SPSS 19.0 were used to conduct ANOVA, Person correlation and independent sample T test analyses. ANOVA results indicated that except for total muscle mass, estimated bone mass, right upper limb muscle mass, and trunk muscle mass, Tujia males from the three regions showed statistically significant (P<0.05) differences among various indicators. Among Tujia women from the three regions, except for body weight, estimated bone mass, total energy metabolism, right upper limb muscle mass, right lower limb muscle mass, and left lower limb fat rate there were statistically significant (P<0.05) differences. According to standardized body fat percentages it was noted that Hubei, Guizhou and Hunan Tujia adults are in the normal range, and that Hunan Tujia women carry their obesity around abdomen, and therefore are more likely to suffer from chronic diseases. This result is related to the high standard of living of the Hunan people. Among the three regions, muscle mass in Hubei adults were more developed, with adults in Hunan and Hubei and Guizhou women having a tendency for slightly higher muscle mass in the right limb compred to the left. Guizhou men had similar muscle mass in the lower limbs, and thus it was assumed that bone mass would be higher and bones stronger.