古基因组揭示史前欧亚大陆现代人复杂遗传历史
收稿日期: 2022-03-04
修回日期: 2022-08-05
网络出版日期: 2023-06-13
基金资助
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项B类(XDB26000000);国家自然科学基金杰出青年项目(41925009);国家自然科学基金青年项目(32100488)
Ancient genomes reveal the complex genetic history of Prehistoric Eurasian modern humans
Received date: 2022-03-04
Revised date: 2022-08-05
Online published: 2023-06-13
古DNA提取与测序技术的发展，让科学家们能够利用史前现代人样本直接开展古基因组研究。古基因组研究发现，在约4万年前，欧亚大陆上至少存在着6个独立的现代人群体，其中3个群体并未对现今人群贡献基因。在距今4万年至末次盛冰期结束，欧亚大陆至少有5个具有代表性的现代人群体。末次盛冰期结束后的部分现代人群体与现今人群拥有更近的遗传关系，而部分群体则未对现今人群贡献基因。本文基于末次盛冰期前(45~19 kaBP)与末次盛冰期后(19~10 kaBP)两个重要时间段的欧亚大陆史前现代人的基因组研究，梳理欧亚现代人在时间与空间上的发展脉络，重点探究此前研究相对滞后的欧亚大陆东部地区。
张明 , 平婉菁 , 付巧妹 . 古基因组揭示史前欧亚大陆现代人复杂遗传历史[J]. 人类学学报, 2023 , 42(03) : 412 -421 . DOI: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0010
Significant shifts in human populations occurred several times throughout history, as populations dispersed throughout Eurasia about 50 kaBP. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), global temperatures dropped sharply causing environmental deterioration and population turnover in areas. After the LGM, populations increased as the natural environment stabilized and gradually developed into today’s populations. With advancements in ancient DNA extraction and sequencing technology, it is increasingly possible to directly retrieve genome-wide data from prehistoric modern human remains. The rapid emergence of new ancient genomes provides an entirely new direction for studying modern human population structure and evolutionary history. This research on Eurasian populations spanning 45~19 kaBP (pre-LGM) and 19~10 kaBP (post-LGM) summarizes the movement and interaction of prehistoric modern human populations, focusing especially on prehistoric East Eurasia, a region that has been less well-studied genetically. Of at least six distinct populations in Eurasia, three did not contribute substantial ancestry to present-day populations: Ust’-Ishim (≈45 kaBP) from northwestern Siberia; Oase 1 (≈40 kaBP) from Romania; and Zlatý kůň (over 45 kaBP) from Czechia. One population represented by three individuals (4.6~4.3 kaBP, from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria) seemed to contribute at least a partial genetic component to later some Eurasian populations. One population represented by Tianyuan man (≈40 kaBP, from East Asia) was shown to be more similar to present-day East Asians and Native Americans than to present-day or ancient Europeans. One population represented by Kostenki 14 (≈36 kaBP, from western Siberia) and Goyet Q116-1 (≈35 kaBP, from Belgium) was more closely related to Europeans than to other Eurasians. This work also summarized five representative populations after 40 kaBP and before the end of the LGM. In East Eurasia after the LGM (or since 14 kaBP), population histories played out very differently. For instance, high genetic continuity is observed in the Amur region in the last 14 kaBP, while in the Guangxi region of southern China, an ancient population that lived 10.5 kaBP carried ancestry not represented in any present-day humans. To conclude, comparison of genome-wide ancient DNA from multiple prehistoric humans have illustrated a complex genetic history of prehistoric Eurasian modern humans. In the future, additional ancient genomes will provide more evidence and details to illuminate the complex genetic history of modern humans.
Key words： Eurasia; modern human; Ancient DNA; Population structure; Genetic history
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