中国南方猩猩化石的研究进展
收稿日期: 2023-07-30
修回日期: 2023-11-16
网络出版日期: 2024-04-02
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(42002025);国家社科基金重大招标项目(20&ZD246)
Progress in the study of fossil orangutans in South China
Received date: 2023-07-30
Revised date: 2023-11-16
Online published: 2024-04-02
在精确年代测定基础上,研究中国南方新发现的猩猩牙齿化石,是近年来猩猩化石研究的特色。中国南方猩猩化石的发现和研究深化了学术界对更新世猩猩分类、大小演化及其与环境变化之间关系的认识。本文梳理了中国南方更新世代表性的含猩猩化石遗址和猩猩化石的最新研究成果。目前发现的猩猩牙齿化石和年代学结果表明,猩猩最早出现于早更新世早期的中国南方,并持续到了晚更新世,以猩猩魏氏种(Pongo weidenreichi)为代表。在中更新世晚期时,猩猩戴氏种(Pongo devosi)可能首次出现在中国南方。猩猩魏氏种与猩猩戴氏种之间的关系还需要更多的化石证据来证实。更新世猩猩牙齿大小演化表现出明显的阶段性,猩猩牙齿变小主要出现在中更新世。猩猩牙齿大小的这种演化关系可能与中国南方草原环境的出现和扩张有关。
廖卫 . 中国南方猩猩化石的研究进展[J]. 人类学学报, 2024 , 43(02) : 199 -213 . DOI: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0016
The recent studies of newly discovered Pongo fossils with precise absolute age brackets have deepened our understanding of their taxonomy, teeth size evolution and its relationship with environmental changes in southern China during the Pleistocene period. In the present study, we summarize the representative Pleistocene orangutan fossil-bearing sites in southern China and discuss the latest research progress on orangutan fossils. The orangutan fossil found so far and the chronological results indicate that orangutans first appeared in southern China in the early Early Pleistocene and lasted until the Late Pleistocene. From the results of the current studies, at least two species of orangutans may have existed in southern China during the Pleistocene period. One of them is Pongo weidenreichi that is characterized by its overall larger dental size, a high frequency of lingual cingulum remnants and a low frequency of moderate to heavy wrinkling on its molars. P. weidenreichi survived in southern China from the Early Pleistocene to the Late Pleistocene. The other orangutan species, Pongo devosi, may have first appeared in southern China during the late Middle Pleistocene. Compared with P. weidenreichi, P. devosi is distinguished by its relatively smaller overall dental size, relatively lower frequency of lingual cingulum remnants on its molars, the well-developed lingual pillar and lingual cingulum on its incisors and relatively higher frequency of moderate to heavy wrinkling on its molars. More fossil evidences are needed to confirm the relationship between P. weidenreichi and P. devosi in future study. The teeth size evolution of Pleistocene orangutans shows obvious stages. Metric data of orangutan teeth fossils (>1000) from mainland Southeast Asia sites reveal that the reduction in the size of orangutan teeth fossils occurred mainly from the Early Pleistocene to the Middle Pleistocene. And orangutan teeth fossils remained relatively stable in their sizes from the Middle to Late Pleistocene. The stable carbon isotope data of Early to Late Pleistocene mammalian fossil teeth from mainland Southeast Asia can be used to reconstruct changes in the paleoenvironment and could provide some clues to interpret dental size variation of Pongo assemblages in a broader temporal and environmental context. The carbon isotope data show that dental size reduction in orangutan fossils is closely linked to environmental changes. The dental size changes in orangutans appear to coincide with the expansion of savannah biomes and the contraction of forest habitats from the Middle Pleistocene onward.
Key words: Pleistocene; southern China; orangutans; size evolution; environmental change
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