长江三峡及周边地区早期人类的生存环境与生存行为
收稿日期: 2023-03-06
修回日期: 2023-06-12
网络出版日期: 2024-04-02
基金资助
重庆市研究生教育教学改革重点研究项目(yjg192029)
Paleoenvironment and survival behaviour of early hominin in the Three Gorges area and its surrounding regions
Received date: 2023-03-06
Revised date: 2023-06-12
Online published: 2024-04-02
中国境内古人类活动遗迹的研究对于揭示人类演化进程和史前人类文化具有重要意义。三峡及周边地区发现有一批遗存丰富的早更新世早期的古人类活动遗迹,包括年代由2.48 MaBP到1.54 MaBP间的龙骨坡遗址、建始人遗址、人字洞遗址、元谋人遗址、马圈沟遗址第I-III文化层等。这些丰富的古人类遗迹,是中国目前所知时代较早的人类活动的证据,蕴含着早期古人类在东亚演化的重要信息。通过分析发现,这些遗址主要分布在中国第二级阶梯,个别地点在第三级阶梯丘陵地带;均位于东部季风区,区域古地貌特征为山地、丘陵环绕的盆地,并濒临河湖,具有与大型水源环境位置相近的特点;植被特征为温暖湿润的亚热带森林或温带针叶阔叶混交林——草原过渡地带。各遗址均出土有丰富的伴生哺乳动物化石,说明当时生态环境良好,可供人类狩猎、采集的动植物资源丰富。在远古原始生境下,人类主动进入洞穴、开发利用洞穴资源,反映了人类对生存空间的开拓和对生活条件的改变。
陈育芝 , 武仙竹 . 长江三峡及周边地区早期人类的生存环境与生存行为[J]. 人类学学报, 2024 , 43(02) : 287 -297 . DOI: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0062
The hominin activities in China play a vital role in revealing human evolutionary processes and unveiling prehistoric human culture. In the early stage of the Early Pleistocene, a batch of palaeolithic sites have been found in the Three Gorges area and surrounding regions. There have abundant relics which reveal hominin activities, and representative sites include Longgupo site, Longgudong site, Renzidong Paleolithic site, Yuanmou Man site, Majuangou site (MJG I-III), and Lantian hominin site. The geological age dates back to 2.48~1.54 MaBP. Among them, Lantian hominin site has unearthed the well-preserved and oldest-known cranium fossil of Homo erectus in China, which dates back to 1.54~1.65 MaBP. These sites and relics corroborate hominin activities of an earlier age in situand provide the spreading and evolutionary information of hominin around China in the earlier phase.
Based on the previous studies, this paper concentrates on these representative sites of the early stage of the Early Pleistocene. First, it reviews their geological age, geographical location, modern landform, and paleoenvironment (paleoclimate, accompanying paleofauna and paleo flora). Then it discusses spatial-temporal distribution, paleo-geomorphic features and the paleo-ecological environment where these hominin sites are located to deduce the hominin survival behaviour. After a comprehensive analysis, we found that this batch of representative hominin sites centred on the Three Gorges area and spread around it. Their geographic location ranges from 25°N~40°N,101°E~118°E. They are all in the northern hemisphere's mid and low latitudes, situated in East China Monsoon Region. Most sites sit on the 2nd step staircase of China's terrain (one exception stands in the hilly region on the 3rd step). They share similar paleogeomorphic features that spread along basins’ edges, surrounded by mountains or hills, and next to lakes or rivers. The paleogeographic feature in common should be proximity to large water sources. Their paleovegetation characterizes a subtropical forest or an ecotone between temperate steppe and mixed broadleaf-conifer forest. All sites have unearthed abundant accompanying mammal fossils. That reflects a good palaeoecological environment which can provide hunting and gathering resources for the early-presence hominin. Furthermore, in this interval of prehistorical time, the active conduct of entering and exploiting the cave as living resources suggests that the early hominin had attempted to expand surviving space and improve living quality.
Key words: Early Pleistocene; Three Gorges; hominin; palaeoenvironment; behaviour
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