本文选取43组我国台湾地区人群作为研究对象，计算13项头面部测量指标的两性差异指数，并与131组大陆人群展开对比。在此基础上，综合分析中国人群头面部性状的两性差异指数与两性身高差异指数和地理气候因素的相关性，探讨台湾地区人群头面部性状两性差异的具体分布情况及其影响因素。结果表明：台湾地区人群头面部性状的两性差异指数变异范围较大，其中高山族鼻宽、鼻高、形态面高、下颌角间宽和容貌耳宽的两性差异程度较高，而额最小宽和眼内角间宽较低。台湾地区人群的聚类分析结果显示阿美人、泰雅人、布农人、排湾人和高雄地区的平埔人优先聚类在一起。与其他民族相比，高山族整体头面部性状的两性差异指数与北方汉族和北方少数民族相接近，而明显区别于南方汉族和南方其他少数民族。此外，部分头面部性状的两性差异指数与两性身高差异指数和地理气候因素呈低度线性相关。台湾地区人群头面部性状的两性差异分布应与性选择和地理气候环境的作用密切相关。

The distribution of sexual dimorphism in cephalofacial traits among the population in Taiwan, China, has not been comprehensively understood yet. In this study, we selected 13 cephalometric dimensions to calculate the sexual dimorphism index (I_sd) for 43 populations in Taiwan, China, and subsequently compared them with 131 Chinese mainland populations. Among these 43 populations, the Gaoshan ethnic group included 7 Ami populations, 11 Atayal populations, 3 Bunun populations, 7 Paiwan populations, 1 Panapanayan population, 2 Rukai populations, 1 Tsou population, and 9 Pingpu populations, while the Han ethnic group comprised 1 Minnan population and 1 Waisheng population. This study further investigated the correlations between the I_sd and sexual stature dimorphism index, as well as geographical and climatic factors. The results revealed a substantial range of variability in the I_sd for cephalofacial traits among residents in Taiwan, China. Among the Gaoshan populations, nasal width, nasal height, morphological facial height, bigonial breadth, and physiognomic ear breadth exhibited higher sexual dimorphism (6%≤I_sd<9%), physiognomic ear length, physiognomic facial height, mouth breadth, face breadth, head length, and auricular height exhibited moderate sexual dimorphism (3%≤I_sd<6%), and minimum frontal breadth and interocular breadth displayed lower sexual dimorphism (0<I_sd< 3%). In addition, the I_sd of all cephalofacial traits among residents in Taiwan, China, ranged from 4% to 6%. Notably, the Ami, Atayal, Bunun, and Tsou populations demonstrated higher sexual dimorphism in all cephalofacial traits compared to the Panapanayan and Waisheng populations. Cluster analysis showed that the Ami, Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan, and Pingpu populations from the Kaohsiung area clustered together preferentially. Compared with other ethnic groups, the I_sd of all cephalofacial traits of the Gaoshan populations was closely similar to those of the Northern Han and ethnic groups but differed significantly from those of the Southern Han and ethnic groups. Additionally, the I_sd for certain cephalofacial traits showed significant linear correlations with the sexual stature dimorphism index and geographical-climatic factors. The I_sd for head length, auricular height, face breadth, bigonial breadth, and mouth breadth showed weak positive linear correlations with the sexual stature dimorphism index. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that physiognomic ear breadth had stronger associations with the annual mean relative humidity and annual sunshine time, while bigonial breadth and mouth breadth had more robust relationships with broader environmental conditions. The distribution of sexual dimorphism in cephalofacial traits among residents in Taiwan, China, is related to the combined effects of sexual selection and geo-climatic environments. This study is of great significance for understanding the sexual dimorphism of physical traits among Chinese populations and their related influencing factors.