收稿日期: 2019-02-11
网络出版日期: 2020-07-17
基金资助
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类XDB26000000);国家自然科学基金项目(41572022);国家自然科学基金项目(41872029);中国科学院大学生创新实践训练计划项目（201705400061）资助
An experimental research on dynamic formation of microwears on the shooting projectile points
Received date: 2019-02-11
Online published: 2020-07-17
石镞主要是旧石器时代晚期出现的一种投射类复合武器的尖端,其使用方式一直为学术界所关注。本文以山西吉县柿子滩遗址环境背景和石器原料为参照,通过微痕实验,探讨射击类带尖石制品重复使用过程中微痕的动态形成过程。作者对21件实验标本分阶段累计射击337次,微痕观察121次。分析结果显示,射击类带尖石制品的重复使用情况可以通过微痕进行佐证。形态变化过程表明,尖端变化较为显著,指示应以动态思维考量出土石镞形态及其暗示的人类行为;测量数据显示,尖端及侧刃较为锋利、长度适中的标本,射击效果更好,存在多次使用的可能;微痕分析指示,若尖端产生层叠大中型折断式、阶梯式疤痕,装柄部位产生连续小型折断式或羽翼式疤痕,部分出现磨圆与光泽时可以考虑重复使用的可能。本项研究为揭示石镞背后所蕴含的狩猎策略、生计方式等人类行为信息提供了数据参考。
徐哲 , 张晓凌 , 裴树文 . 射击类带尖石制品使用微痕动态形成过程的实验研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2020 , 39(02) : 208 -222 . DOI: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0071
Projectile point, appeared in the Upper Paleolithic, includes tips and barbs of a projectile composite weapon. It’s using strategies have gotten great attention in the paleoanthropological research. Based on the environmental background and lithic raw materials of the Shizatan Paleolithic site in Shanxi, this paper focus on the use-wear analysis to explore the dynamic formation process of microwear during the process of reuse of stone projectile points. Twenty-one experimental tools were shot for 337 times in different stages, while 121 times observed by use-wear analysis. It can be considered that the repeated use of stone projectile points can be recorded by microwear, but it still needed to combine with morphological characteristics. Viewing on the morphological change process, the change of tip is more significant, indicating that the shape of excavated artefacts and its implied human behavior should be considered by dynamic thinking. From the view point of measurement data, tools with sharp edge and moderate length have better affected of using and may be reused many times. Furthermore, from the view point of microwear analysis, if the tip produces clumped large and medium break and/or step scar termination and hafting part produces run-together small break or feather scar termination, resulting in some of part produce rounding and polishing which can be considered for re-use. This study provides important clue for the study on the hunting strategies and adapted behaviors implicated from the projectile point in the hunter-gathered living history.
| [1] | Andrefsky W. Lithics—Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, 177-204 |
| [2] | Rots V, Plisson H . Projectiles and the abuse of the use-wear method in a search for impact[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2014,48:154-165 |
| [3] | Iovita R . Shape Variation in Aterian Tanged Tools and the Origins of Projectile Technology: A Morphometric Perspective on Stone Tool Function[J]. PLoS ONE, 2011,6(12):e29029 |
| [4] | Sisk ML, Shea JJ . The African Origin of Complex Projectile Technology: An Analysis Using Tip Cross-Sectional Area and Perimeter[J]. International Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2011,21(1):1-8 |
| [5] | Benfer RA . A design for the study of archaeological characteristics[J]. American Antiquity, 1967,69:719-730 |
| [6] | Fischer A, Vemming Hansen P, Rasmussen P . Macro and microwear traces on lithic projectile points. Experimental results and prehistoric examples[J]. Journal of Danish Archaeology, 1984,3(1):19-46 |
| [7] | Wilkins J, Schoville B, Brown K S , et al. Evidence for early hafted hunting technology[J], Science, 2012,338(6109):942-946 |
| [8] | Villa P, Boscato P, Ranaldo F , et al. Stone tools for the hunt: points with impact scars from a Middle Paleolithic site in southern Italy[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2009,36(3):850-859 |
| [9] | Villa P, Lenoir M. Hunting and hunting weapons of the Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe[A]. In: Hublin J J, Richards M eds. The Evolution of Hominid Diets: Integrating Approaches to the Study of Palaeolithic Subsistence[C]. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2009, 59-85 |
| [10] | Iovita R, Scho?neke? H, Gaudzinski-Windheuser S, et al. Projectile impact fractures and launching mechanisms: results of a controlled ballistic experiment using replica Levallois points[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2014,48:73-83 |
| [11] | Keeley L . Hafting and retooling: Effects on the archaeological record[J]. American Antiquity, 1982,47(4):798-809 |
| [12] | Odell GH, Cowan F . Experiments with spears and arrows on animal targets[J]. Journal of Field Archaeology, 1986,13(2):195-212 |
| [13] | Rots V. Keys to the identification of prehension and hafting traces[A]. In: Marreiros JM, Gibaja Bao JF, Bicho NF, eds. Use-Wear and Residue Analysis in Archaeology [C]. Switzerland: Springer Science & Business Media, 2015, 83-104 |
| [14] | Rots V . Prehensile wear on flint tools[J]. Lithic Technology, 2004,29(1):7-32 |
| [15] | Shen C . The Tool Use-Patterning at the Grand Banks Site of the Princess Point Complex, Southwestern Ontario[J]. Northeast Anthropology, 2000,60:63-87 |
| [16] | 赵静芳, 宋艳花, 陈虹 , 等. 石器捆绑实验与微痕分析报告[A].见:高星,沈辰主编. 石器微痕分析的考古学实验研究[M]. 北京, 科学出版社, 2008, 145-176 |
| [17] | Shott MJ . Spears, darts and arrows: late woodland hunting techniques in the Upper Ohio Valley[J]. American Antiquity, 1993,58(3):425-443 |
| [18] | Woods JC . Projectile point fracture patterns and inferences about tool function[J]. Idaho Archaeologist, 1988,11:3-7 |
| [19] | Keeley LH . Technique and methodology in microwear studies: A Critical Review[J]. World Archaeology, 1974,5:323-336 |
| [20] | Odell GH . The Morphological express at function junction: Searching for meaning in lithic tool types[J]. Journal of Anthropological Research, 1981,37:319-342 |
| [21] | Nelson MC. The study of technological organization[A]. In: Schiffer MB eds. Archaeological Method and Theory, Volume 3[M]. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991, 57-100 |
| [22] | Finlayson B, Mithen S. The microwear and morphology of microliths from Gleann Mor[A]. In: Kenecht H eds. Projectile Technology[C]. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 1997, 107-129 |
| [23] | Hester TR, Heizer RE . Arrow points or knives? Comments on the proposed function of “Stockton Points”[J]. American Antiquity, 1973,38:220-221 |
| [24] | Greaves R D. Hunting and multifunctional use of bows and arrows: Ethnoarchaeology of technological organization among Pumé Hunters of Venezuela[A]. In: Kenecht H eds. Projectile Technology[C]. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 1997, 287-314 |
| [25] | Patterson L W . The Significance of Dart Point Stem Breakage[J]. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society 1980,51:309-316 |
| [26] | Whittaker J C . Individual variation as an approach to economic organization: Projectile points at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona[J]. Journal of Field Archaeology, 1987,14:465-479 |
| [27] | 陈虹, 张晓凌, 沈辰 . 石制品使用微痕多阶段成形轨迹的实验研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2013,32(1):1-16 |
| [28] | 张晓凌 . 石器功能与人类适应行为:虎头梁遗址石制品微痕分析[D]. 北京:中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所, 2009, 54-71 |
| [29] | 曲彤丽, 梅惠杰, 张双权 . 骨质加工对象实验与微痕分析报告[A].见:高星,沈辰主编.石器微痕分析的考古学实验研究[M]. 北京, 科学出版社, 2008, 61-82 |
| [30] | 谢礼晔, 李意愿, 王强 等. 钻孔运动方式实验与微痕分析报告[A]. 见:高星,沈辰主编.石器微痕分析的考古学实验研究[M]. 北京, 科学出版社, 2008, 107-144 |
| [31] | Tringham R, Cooper G, Odell G , et al. Experimentation in the formation of edge damage: A new approach to lithic analysis[J]. Journal of Field Archaeology, 1974,1:171-196 |
| [32] | Lerner H, Du X, Costopoulos A , et al. Lithic raw material physical properties and use-wear accrual[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2007,34(5):711-722 |
| [33] | 山西省临汾行署文化局.山西吉县柿子滩中石器文化遗址[J].考古学报, 1989(3):305-323 |
| [34] | 原思训, 赵朝洪, 朱晓东 , 等. 山西吉县柿子滩遗址的年代与文化研究[J].考古, 1998(6):57-62 |
| [35] | 陈虹 . 华北细石叶工艺的文化适应研究——晋冀地区部分旧石器时代晚期遗址的考古学分析[M]. 杭州: 浙江大学出版社, 2011, 83-100 |
| [36] | 高星, 沈辰 . 石器微痕分析的考古学实验研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2008 |
| [37] | Odell G . Stone tools and mobility in the Illinois Valley: from hunter-gatherer camps to agricultural villages[M]. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, 1996 |
| [38] | Bordes F . Typologie du Paleolithique Ancien et Moyen[M]. Publications de I’ Insitut de Prehistorie de I’ Universite de Bordeaux, Memoire 1, Bordeaux, 1961 |
| [39] | Trigger BG. Major Concepts of Archaeology in Historical Perspective. Time and Tradition[M]. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978, 96-114 |
| [40] | Frison GC . A functional Analysis of Certain Chipped Stone Tools[J]. American Antiquity, 1968,33(2):149-155 |
| [41] | Deetz J. Invitation to Archaeology[M]. New York: Natural History Press, 1967, 43-53 |
| [42] | Dibble HL . The Interpretation of Middle Paleolithic Scraper Merphology[J]. American Antiquity, 1987,52:19-117 |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
京ICP证05002819号-3