Physical characteristics of the Manmi people in China

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0051

Abstract

Abstract:

A survey was conducted on 61 physical parameters, 20 body indices and 13 somatoscopic characteristics of 121 Manmi adults (53 males and 68 females) in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. The results are as follows: The gender differences are statistically significant in 56 physical parameters such as stature, mass and head length. Except for the fact that the thigh circumference is greater in females than in males, the remaining 55 physical parameters are all greater in males than in females. There are statistically significant gender differences in the thickness of lips, opening height of eyeslits, nasal root height, nasal profile and hair occurrence rate of Manmi. Manmi mainly have lissotrichous, with 94.3% of males and 85.3% of females having eyefold of upper eyelid. Male mongoloid folds account for 28.3%, while female mongoloid folds account for 33.8%. The opening height of eyeslits is mainly medium, with the external angle of the eye being mostly higher than the internal angle. The nasal root height is mainly medium, and when the nasal profile is mainly straight. The nasal base is mostly upturned, and the maximal diameter of nostrils is mainly oblique.===The lobe types are mostly round, the chin is mostly straight, and the upper lip height is mainly medium. The physiognomic facial index, morphological facial index, transverse cephalo-fcaial index, vertical cephalo-fcaial index, manouvrier's skelic index and stature-shoulder breadth index of Manmi have statistically significant differences between genders, with male index values higher than females. The length-height index of head, stature-sitting height index, stature-crista iliaca index, stature-height of suprasteral notch above sitting plane index and acromio-cristal index of Manmi also have statistically significant differences between genders, with male index values being lower than females. According to the occurrence rate of index classification, Manmi adults have brachycephaly, hypsicephalic, hypereuryprosopy, mesorrhiny, wide chest, wide shoulder and wide crista iliaca. Compared with domestic ethnic groups, the Manmi physical characteristics are similar to those of the Blang and Jino, and belong to the physical characteristics of southern ethnic groups. The stature, sitting height, crista iliaca breadth, head breadth and morphological facial height of Manmi are relatively small, while the nose breadth, mouth breadth, lip height and nasal height are all relatively large. Compared with foreign ethnic groups, the male head and facial features of Manmi are closest to those of Thai people, while the female head and facial features of Manmi are closest to those of Vietnamese. The physical characteristics of Manmi are related to genetic factors, environmental factors and economic conditions.

Key words: Manmi, Anthropometry, Head and face, Physical characteristic, Cluster analysis

CLC Number:

K871

ZHANG Xinghua, XIAO Yao, YAN Kanweng, YU Yingxiang, GAO Wenfang, BAO Jinping, CHENG Zhi, GAO Xinying, YAO Yuetong, LIU Xin, YU Keli. Physical characteristics of the Manmi people in China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2024, 43(04): 561-573.

Figures/Tables 7

References 33

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指标Parameter	男性Male		女性Female		t	p
	均值Mean	标准差SD	均值Mean	标准差SD
头长Head length, l_a/mm	185.8	6.8	175.7	5.4	9.197^**	0
头宽Head breadth, b_a/mm	155.3	5.5	148.6	4.8	7.220^**	0
额最小宽Minimum frontal breadth, b_b/mm	116.8	4.6	110.8	5.1	6.643^**	0
面宽Face breadth, b_c/mm	142.5	6.2	134.1	5.9	7.587^**	0
下颌角间宽Bigonial breadth, b_d/mm	113.2	6.6	106.8	6.6	5.255^**	0
眼内角间宽Interocular breadth, b_e/mm	35.2	2.8	34.9	3.3	0.396	0.693
眼外角间宽External binocular breadth, b_f/mm	91.4	4.8	87.3	4.5	4.924^**	0
鼻宽Nose breadth, b_g/mm	39.7	3.5	36.4	2.6	5.867^**	0
口裂宽Mouth breadth, b_h/mm	55.2	3.9	51.0	4.0	5.748^**	0
容貌面高Physiognomic facial height, h_a/mm	191.2	9.6	175.2	8.2	9.879^**	0
形态面高Morphological facial height, h_b/mm	112.2	6.6	101.9	5.7	9.012^**	0
鼻高Nasal height, h_c/mm	49.2	3.6	45.5	3.1	6.145^**	0
鼻长Nasal length, l_b/mm	44.5	4.0	40.1	3.8	6.136^**	0
鼻翼高Nasal alar height, h_d/mm	14.5	2.1	12.7	1.3	5.432^**	0
鼻下颏点高Subnasale to gnathion distance, h_e/mm	66.9	5.3	60.3	4.7	7.127^**	0
上唇皮肤部高度Upper lip height, h_f/mm	15.8	2.9	14.9	2.8	1.760	0.081
唇高Lip height, h_g/mm	20.3	4.3	17.9	4.2	3.189^**	0.002
上红唇厚度Red lip thickness, h_i/mm	9.9	2.1	8.8	2.1	2.938^**	0.004
容貌耳长Physiognomic ear length, l_b/mm	67.2	3.9	64.4	5.7	3.269^**	0.001
容貌耳宽Physiognomic ear breadth, b_i/mm	35.2	2.5	33.0	2.6	4.673^**	0
身高Stature, h_j/mm	1604.9	61.4	1489.1	56.7	10.752^**	0
耳屏点高Tragion height, h_k/mm	1482.1	61.9	1369.6	57.2	10.356^**	0
颏下点高Gnathion height, h_l/mm	1381.5	61.3	1276.5	54.8	9.924^**	0
肩峰点高Acromion height, h_m/mm	1305.6	54.6	1209.4	50.9	9.993^**	0
胸上点高Suprasternal height, h_n/mm	1302.1	53.6	1206.9	51.2	9.945^**	0
桡骨点高Radiale height, h_o/mm	1007.9	44.2	943.3	39.3	8.486^**	0
桡骨茎突点高Radiale stylion height, h_p/mm	776.9	37.2	727.4	36.5	7.347^**	0
中指指尖点高Middle finger tip height, h_q/mm	601.1	31.8	565.0	33.1	6.050^**	0
髂前上棘点高Iliospinale anterior height, h_r/mm	886.2	37.9	839.7	38.6	6.627^**	0
胫骨上点高Tibial height, h_s/mm	423.9	20.9	389.5	19.1	9.412^**	0
内踝下点高Height of foot, h_t/mm	61.3	5.3	53.2	5.0	8.549^**	0
坐高Sitting height, h_u/mm	844.8	39.2	797.6	41.3	6.372^**	0
肱骨内外上髁间径Biepicondylar breadth of humerus, b_j/mm	68.0	3.7	59.5	3.8	12.552^**	0
股骨内外上髁间径Biepicondylar breadth of femur, b_k/mm	93.5	5.5	87.1	5.9	6.115^**	0
足长Foot length, l_c/mm	244.1	11.7	222.7	9.5	11.163^**	0
足宽Foot breadth, b_l/mm	102.8	5.9	93.5	5.7	8.743^**	0
手宽Hand breadth, b_m/mm	86.2	3.1	77.4	3.3	14.993^**	0
肩宽Shoulder breadth, b_n/mm	397.4	22.3	354.3	18.2	11.712^**	0
骨盆宽Crista iliaca breadth, b_o/mm	289.1	18.5	289.1	17.5	-0.001	0.999
头水平围Head circumference, c_a/mm	550.8	15.9	535.2	14.9	5.552^**	0
平静胸围Chest circumference, c_b/mm	892.5	76.4	844.4	83.0	3.274^**	0.001
腰围Waist circumference, c_c/mm	797.0	102.0	741.9	93.6	3.090^**	0.002
腹围Abdominal circumference, c_d/mm	835.1	102.4	793.5	98.8	2.260^*	0.026
臀围Hip circumference, c_e/mm	925.9	84.6	927.0	104.6	-0.060	0.952
大腿围Thigh circumference, c_f/mm	472.0	58.9	515.1	69.2	-3.621^**	0
小腿围Calf circumference, c_g/mm	337.2	35.1	334.1	37.8	0.464	0.644
上臂围Biceps circumference, c_h/mm	269.5	32.3	256.2	37.7	2.048^*	0.043
上臂最大围Maximum biceps circumference, c_i/mm	303.6	37.3	281.4	40.9	3.081^**	0.003
前臂围Maximum forearm circumference, c_j/mm	259.9	21.4	230.5	25.3	6.788^**	0
耳上头高Auricular height, h_v/mm	122.8	7.2	119.4	5.6	2.890^**	0.005
躯干前高Height of suprasteral notch above sitting plane, h_w/mm	542.0	32.7	515.4	38.0	4.050^**	0
上肢全长Upper extremity length, l_d/mm	704.5	31.2	644.4	26.1	11.536^**	0
下肢全长Lower extremity length, l_e/mm	855.7	35.5	816.3	36.0	6.005^**	0
全臂长Total arm length, l_f/mm	528.7	24.8	482.0	21.4	11.108^**	0
上臂长Upper arm length, l_g/mm	297.7	14.9	266.1	18.9	9.996^**	0
前臂长Forearm length, l_h/mm	231.0	16.2	215.9	14.2	5.467^**	0
手长Hand length, l_i/mm	175.8	11.1	162.4	10.6	6.746^**	0
全腿长Total leg length, l_j/mm	792.0	34.0	755.0	36.6	5.675^**	0
大腿长Thigh length, l_k/mm	430.0	27.4	418.7	27.2	2.272^*	0.025
小腿长Leg length, l_l/mm	362.6	18.4	336.3	20.4	7.345^**	0
体重Mass, m/kg	61.1	12.9	53.7	12.9	3.123^**	0.002

指标Parameter	男性Male		女性Female		t	p
	均值Mean	标准差SD	均值Mean	标准差SD
头长Head length, l_a/mm	185.8	6.8	175.7	5.4	9.197^**	0
头宽Head breadth, b_a/mm	155.3	5.5	148.6	4.8	7.220^**	0
额最小宽Minimum frontal breadth, b_b/mm	116.8	4.6	110.8	5.1	6.643^**	0
面宽Face breadth, b_c/mm	142.5	6.2	134.1	5.9	7.587^**	0
下颌角间宽Bigonial breadth, b_d/mm	113.2	6.6	106.8	6.6	5.255^**	0
眼内角间宽Interocular breadth, b_e/mm	35.2	2.8	34.9	3.3	0.396	0.693
眼外角间宽External binocular breadth, b_f/mm	91.4	4.8	87.3	4.5	4.924^**	0
鼻宽Nose breadth, b_g/mm	39.7	3.5	36.4	2.6	5.867^**	0
口裂宽Mouth breadth, b_h/mm	55.2	3.9	51.0	4.0	5.748^**	0
容貌面高Physiognomic facial height, h_a/mm	191.2	9.6	175.2	8.2	9.879^**	0
形态面高Morphological facial height, h_b/mm	112.2	6.6	101.9	5.7	9.012^**	0
鼻高Nasal height, h_c/mm	49.2	3.6	45.5	3.1	6.145^**	0
鼻长Nasal length, l_b/mm	44.5	4.0	40.1	3.8	6.136^**	0
鼻翼高Nasal alar height, h_d/mm	14.5	2.1	12.7	1.3	5.432^**	0
鼻下颏点高Subnasale to gnathion distance, h_e/mm	66.9	5.3	60.3	4.7	7.127^**	0
上唇皮肤部高度Upper lip height, h_f/mm	15.8	2.9	14.9	2.8	1.760	0.081
唇高Lip height, h_g/mm	20.3	4.3	17.9	4.2	3.189^**	0.002
上红唇厚度Red lip thickness, h_i/mm	9.9	2.1	8.8	2.1	2.938^**	0.004
容貌耳长Physiognomic ear length, l_b/mm	67.2	3.9	64.4	5.7	3.269^**	0.001
容貌耳宽Physiognomic ear breadth, b_i/mm	35.2	2.5	33.0	2.6	4.673^**	0
身高Stature, h_j/mm	1604.9	61.4	1489.1	56.7	10.752^**	0
耳屏点高Tragion height, h_k/mm	1482.1	61.9	1369.6	57.2	10.356^**	0
颏下点高Gnathion height, h_l/mm	1381.5	61.3	1276.5	54.8	9.924^**	0
肩峰点高Acromion height, h_m/mm	1305.6	54.6	1209.4	50.9	9.993^**	0
胸上点高Suprasternal height, h_n/mm	1302.1	53.6	1206.9	51.2	9.945^**	0
桡骨点高Radiale height, h_o/mm	1007.9	44.2	943.3	39.3	8.486^**	0
桡骨茎突点高Radiale stylion height, h_p/mm	776.9	37.2	727.4	36.5	7.347^**	0
中指指尖点高Middle finger tip height, h_q/mm	601.1	31.8	565.0	33.1	6.050^**	0
髂前上棘点高Iliospinale anterior height, h_r/mm	886.2	37.9	839.7	38.6	6.627^**	0
胫骨上点高Tibial height, h_s/mm	423.9	20.9	389.5	19.1	9.412^**	0
内踝下点高Height of foot, h_t/mm	61.3	5.3	53.2	5.0	8.549^**	0
坐高Sitting height, h_u/mm	844.8	39.2	797.6	41.3	6.372^**	0
肱骨内外上髁间径Biepicondylar breadth of humerus, b_j/mm	68.0	3.7	59.5	3.8	12.552^**	0
股骨内外上髁间径Biepicondylar breadth of femur, b_k/mm	93.5	5.5	87.1	5.9	6.115^**	0
足长Foot length, l_c/mm	244.1	11.7	222.7	9.5	11.163^**	0
足宽Foot breadth, b_l/mm	102.8	5.9	93.5	5.7	8.743^**	0
手宽Hand breadth, b_m/mm	86.2	3.1	77.4	3.3	14.993^**	0
肩宽Shoulder breadth, b_n/mm	397.4	22.3	354.3	18.2	11.712^**	0
骨盆宽Crista iliaca breadth, b_o/mm	289.1	18.5	289.1	17.5	-0.001	0.999
头水平围Head circumference, c_a/mm	550.8	15.9	535.2	14.9	5.552^**	0
平静胸围Chest circumference, c_b/mm	892.5	76.4	844.4	83.0	3.274^**	0.001
腰围Waist circumference, c_c/mm	797.0	102.0	741.9	93.6	3.090^**	0.002
腹围Abdominal circumference, c_d/mm	835.1	102.4	793.5	98.8	2.260^*	0.026
臀围Hip circumference, c_e/mm	925.9	84.6	927.0	104.6	-0.060	0.952
大腿围Thigh circumference, c_f/mm	472.0	58.9	515.1	69.2	-3.621^**	0
小腿围Calf circumference, c_g/mm	337.2	35.1	334.1	37.8	0.464	0.644
上臂围Biceps circumference, c_h/mm	269.5	32.3	256.2	37.7	2.048^*	0.043
上臂最大围Maximum biceps circumference, c_i/mm	303.6	37.3	281.4	40.9	3.081^**	0.003
前臂围Maximum forearm circumference, c_j/mm	259.9	21.4	230.5	25.3	6.788^**	0
耳上头高Auricular height, h_v/mm	122.8	7.2	119.4	5.6	2.890^**	0.005
躯干前高Height of suprasteral notch above sitting plane, h_w/mm	542.0	32.7	515.4	38.0	4.050^**	0
上肢全长Upper extremity length, l_d/mm	704.5	31.2	644.4	26.1	11.536^**	0
下肢全长Lower extremity length, l_e/mm	855.7	35.5	816.3	36.0	6.005^**	0
全臂长Total arm length, l_f/mm	528.7	24.8	482.0	21.4	11.108^**	0
上臂长Upper arm length, l_g/mm	297.7	14.9	266.1	18.9	9.996^**	0
前臂长Forearm length, l_h/mm	231.0	16.2	215.9	14.2	5.467^**	0
手长Hand length, l_i/mm	175.8	11.1	162.4	10.6	6.746^**	0
全腿长Total leg length, l_j/mm	792.0	34.0	755.0	36.6	5.675^**	0
大腿长Thigh length, l_k/mm	430.0	27.4	418.7	27.2	2.272^*	0.025
小腿长Leg length, l_l/mm	362.6	18.4	336.3	20.4	7.345^**	0
体重Mass, m/kg	61.1	12.9	53.7	12.9	3.123^**	0.002

指数Index	男Male		女Female		t	p
	均值Mean	标准差SD	均值Mean	标准差SD
头长宽指数Length-breadth index of head, i_a	83.7	3.9	84.6	3.9	-1.326	0.187
头长高指数Length-height index of head, i_b	66.2	4.5	68.0	3.5	-2.551*	0.012
头宽高指数Breadth-height index of head, i_c	79.1	4.2	80.4	4.1	-1.796	0.075
额顶宽指数Transverse frontoparietal index, i_d	75.2	2.3	74.6	2.9	1.198	0.233
容貌面指数Physiognomic facial index, i_e	134.4	7.9	130.9	8.7	2.256*	0.026
形态面指数Morphological facial index, i_f	78.8	5.0	76.1	5.3	2.852**	0.005
头面宽指数Transverse cephalo-fcaial index, i_g	91.8	3.3	90.3	3.3	2.480*	0.015
头面高指数Vertical cephalo-fcaial index, i_h	91.7	7.3	85.5	5.9	5.117**	0
颧额宽指数Zygomatic frontal index, i_i	82.0	2.5	82.7	2.6	-1.454	0.149
鼻指数Nasal index, i_j	81.0	8.6	80.2	7.3	0.517	0.606
口指数Lip index, i_k	37.0	8.3	35.2	8.8	1.117	0.266
容貌耳指数Physiognomic index of ear, i_l	52.4	3.6	51.5	4.5	1.245	0.216
身高坐高指数Stature-sitting height index, i_m	52.6	1.5	53.6	1.7	-3.077**	0.003
身高体重指数Stature-weight index, i_n	379.2	72.9	359.3	79.3	1.418	0.159
身高胸围指数Stature-chest circumference index, i_o	55.6	4.5	56.7	5.1	-1.214	0.227
身高肩宽指数Stature-shoulder breadth index, i_p	24.8	1.0	23.8	0.9	5.461**	0
身高骨盆宽指数Stature-crista iliaca index, i_q	18.0	1.1	19.4	1.0	-7.031**	0
身高躯干前高指数Stature-height of suprasteral notch above sitting plane index, i_r	33.8	1.5	34.6	1.9	-2.672**	0.009
肩宽骨盆宽指数Acromio-cristal index, i_s	72.9	4.8	81.7	4.3	-10.641**	0
马氏躯干腿长指数Manouvrier's skelic index, i_t	90.1	5.4	86.9	6.1	3.026**	0.003

指数Index	男Male		女Female		t	p
	均值Mean	标准差SD	均值Mean	标准差SD
头长宽指数Length-breadth index of head, i_a	83.7	3.9	84.6	3.9	-1.326	0.187
头长高指数Length-height index of head, i_b	66.2	4.5	68.0	3.5	-2.551*	0.012
头宽高指数Breadth-height index of head, i_c	79.1	4.2	80.4	4.1	-1.796	0.075
额顶宽指数Transverse frontoparietal index, i_d	75.2	2.3	74.6	2.9	1.198	0.233
容貌面指数Physiognomic facial index, i_e	134.4	7.9	130.9	8.7	2.256*	0.026
形态面指数Morphological facial index, i_f	78.8	5.0	76.1	5.3	2.852**	0.005
头面宽指数Transverse cephalo-fcaial index, i_g	91.8	3.3	90.3	3.3	2.480*	0.015
头面高指数Vertical cephalo-fcaial index, i_h	91.7	7.3	85.5	5.9	5.117**	0
颧额宽指数Zygomatic frontal index, i_i	82.0	2.5	82.7	2.6	-1.454	0.149
鼻指数Nasal index, i_j	81.0	8.6	80.2	7.3	0.517	0.606
口指数Lip index, i_k	37.0	8.3	35.2	8.8	1.117	0.266
容貌耳指数Physiognomic index of ear, i_l	52.4	3.6	51.5	4.5	1.245	0.216
身高坐高指数Stature-sitting height index, i_m	52.6	1.5	53.6	1.7	-3.077**	0.003
身高体重指数Stature-weight index, i_n	379.2	72.9	359.3	79.3	1.418	0.159
身高胸围指数Stature-chest circumference index, i_o	55.6	4.5	56.7	5.1	-1.214	0.227
身高肩宽指数Stature-shoulder breadth index, i_p	24.8	1.0	23.8	0.9	5.461**	0
身高骨盆宽指数Stature-crista iliaca index, i_q	18.0	1.1	19.4	1.0	-7.031**	0
身高躯干前高指数Stature-height of suprasteral notch above sitting plane index, i_r	33.8	1.5	34.6	1.9	-2.672**	0.009
肩宽骨盆宽指数Acromio-cristal index, i_s	72.9	4.8	81.7	4.3	-10.641**	0
马氏躯干腿长指数Manouvrier's skelic index, i_t	90.1	5.4	86.9	6.1	3.026**	0.003

观察指标Somatoscopic characteristics	类型Types	男Male		女Female		卡方值Chi square value	p
观察指标Somatoscopic characteristics	类型Types	n	%	n	%	卡方值Chi square value
头发Hair	直发lissotrichous	50	94.3%	68	100.0%	3.947^*	0.047
头发Hair	波发kymatotrichous	3	5.7%	0	0.0%	3.947^*	0.047
上眼睑皱褶 Eyefold of upper eyelid	无No phenotype	3	5.7%	10	14.7%	2.541	0.111
上眼睑皱褶 Eyefold of upper eyelid	有phenotypic	50	94.3%	58	85.3%	2.541	0.111
蒙古褶 Mongoloid fold	无No phenotype	38	71.7%	45	66.2%	0.422	0.516
蒙古褶 Mongoloid fold	有phenotypic	15	28.3%	23	33.8%	0.422	0.516
眼裂高度 Opening height of eyeslits	较宽 wide	9	17.0%	6	8.8%	7.261^*	0.027
	中等 middle	41	77.4%	47	69.1%
	狭窄 narrow	3	5.7%	15	22.1%
眼裂倾斜度 Direction of eyeslits	内角高internal angle	1	1.9%	0	0.0%	1.316	0.518
	水平middle	5	9.4%	6	8.8%
	外角高external angle	47	88.7%	62	91.2%
鼻根高度 Nasal root height	低平low	2	3.8%	4	5.9%	11.987^**	0.002
	中等middle	37	69.8%	61	89.7%
	较高high	14	26.4%	3	4.4%
鼻背侧面观 Nasal profile	凹型concave	3	5.7%	12	17.6%	6.251^*	0.044
	直型straight	37	69.8%	48	70.6%
	凸型protruding	13	24.5%	8	11.8%
鼻基部 Nasal base	上翘upturned	33	62.3%	46	67.6%	0.381	0.537
鼻基部 Nasal base	水平 level	20	37.7%	22	32.4%	0.381	0.537
鼻孔最大径 Maximal diameter of nostrils	横 transverse	1	1.9%	4	5.9%	1.200	0.273
鼻孔最大径 Maximal diameter of nostrils	斜oblique	52	98.1%	64	94.1%	1.200	0.273
耳垂类型 Lobe types	方形square	3	5.7%	5	7.4%	0.592	0.744
	三角形triangle	13	24.5%	13	19.1%
	圆形round	37	69.8%	50	73.5%
下颏类型 Type of chin	后斜型oblique	15	28.3%	13	19.1%	3.148	0.207
	凸型protruding	4	7.5%	2	2.9%
	直型straight	34	64.2%	53	77.9%
上唇皮肤部高度 Upper lip height	低low	3	5.7%	3	4.4%	1.313	0.519
	中等middle	44	83.0%	61	89.7%
	高high	6	11.3%	4	5.9%
上红唇厚度 Thickness of lips	薄唇thin	8	15.1%	18	26.5%	9.822^**	0.007
	中唇middle	21	39.6%	37	54.4%
	厚唇thick	24	45.3%	13	19.1%