人类学学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (03): 551-562.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0039cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0039
• 综述 • 上一篇
赵克良1,2,3(), 姜海涛4, 王元1,2,3, 同号文1,2,3, 张雅平1,3, 葛俊逸1,2,3, 周新郢1,2,3, 金昌柱1,2,3, 李小强1,2,3
收稿日期:
2020-11-06
修回日期:
2021-02-04
出版日期:
2022-06-15
发布日期:
2022-06-16
作者简介:
赵克良,副研究员,主要从事古植被与古生态、环境考古研究。E-mail: 基金资助:
ZHAO Keliang1,2,3(), JIANG Haitao4, WANG Yuan1,2,3, TONG Haowen1,2,3, ZHANG Yaping1,3, GE Junyi1,2,3, ZHOU Xinying1,2,3, JIN Changzhu1,2,3, LI Xiaoqiang1,2,3
Received:
2020-11-06
Revised:
2021-02-04
Online:
2022-06-15
Published:
2022-06-16
摘要:
真猛犸象(Mammuthus primigenius)和披毛犀(Coelodonta antiquitatis)是北半球高纬度地区晚更新世动物群的主要成员,其消亡的年代和原因一直是国际学术界关注的热点科学问题。本文对黑龙江青冈县英贤村最新出土的5个真猛犸象和5个披毛犀化石进行了AMS14C年代测定,结果均大于4万年,部分化石可能已经超出了目前14C的测定范围。通过整理并对比已公开发表的中国境内两种动物化石的14C年代学数据,本文认为早期常规14C测年方法所获得的年代值需要重新考虑其准确性。埋藏地层与最新的AMS14C测年数据显示,我国真猛犸象化石年代主要集中于MIS3阶段;披毛犀在我国消亡的时间很可能晚于真猛犸象,至少延续到末次冰消期。中国猛犸象-披毛犀动物群化石仍然需要开展更多的年代学研究。
中图分类号:
赵克良, 姜海涛, 王元, 同号文, 张雅平, 葛俊逸, 周新郢, 金昌柱, 李小强. 中国真猛犸象和披毛犀化石14C年代研究新进展[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(03): 551-562.
ZHAO Keliang, JIANG Haitao, WANG Yuan, TONG Haowen, ZHANG Yaping, GE Junyi, ZHOU Xinying, JIN Changzhu, LI Xiaoqiang. New radiocarbon evidence on the woolly mammoth and rhinoceros in China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(03): 551-562.
图1 中国真猛犸象和披毛犀化石14C测年地点 1.黑龙江青冈英贤村Yingxiancun, Qinggang, Heilongjiang;2.黑龙江青冈红旗村Hongqicun, Qinggang, Heilongjiang;3.黑龙江肇东Zhaodong, Heilongjiang;4.黑龙江阎家岗Yanjiagang, Heilongjiang;5.黑龙江肇源三站Sanzhan, Zhaoyuan, Heilongjiang;6. 吉林乾安大布苏Dabusu, Qianan, Jilin;7. 吉林榆树周家油坊Zhoujiayoufang, Yushu, Jilin;8. 黑龙江五常学田Xuetian, Wuchang, Heilongjiang;9. 黑龙江牡丹江Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang;10. 黑龙江穆棱市新兴村Xinxingcun, Muling, Heilongjiang;11. 黑龙江饶河小南山Xiaonanshan, Raohe, Heilongjiang;12. 吉林安图明月沟Mingyuegou, Antu, Jilin;13. 内蒙古扎赉诺尔Zhalainuoer, Inner Mongolia;14. 河北阳原虎头梁Hutouliang,Yangyuan, Heibei;15. 河北阳高许家窑Xujiayao, Yanggao, Shanxi;16. 内蒙古萨拉乌苏Salawusu, Inner Mongolia;17.河南安阳小南海Xiaonanhai, Anyang, Henan;18.山东济南Jinan, Shandong
Fig.1 The 14C dating sites of woolly mammoth and rhinoceros fossils in China
化石地点 Fossil sites | 编号 Lab ID | 材料 materials | 14C年代 Age (BP) /5730 | 14C年代 Age (BP) /5568 | 校正年代Calibrated age ( BP cal/ 2σ) | 校正中值Median age ( BP cal) | 文献Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
黑龙江青冈英贤村 Yingxiancun, Qinggang, Heilongjiang(Hei) | OxA-37718 | 头骨Skull /AMS | - | >44800 | - | - | 本文 |
OxA-37719 | 臼齿Molar /AMS | - | 48800±3400 | 47124-?* | 51340 | 本文 | |
Beta-476497 | 牙齿Tooth /AMS | - | 41560±500 | 43359-45241 | 44453 | 本文 | |
Beta-482695 | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 41030±460 | 43131-44676 | 43997 | 本文 | |
Beta-482698 | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | >43500 | - | - | 本文 | |
Beta-439349 | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | >43500 | - | - | [ | |
黑龙江穆棱新兴村 Xinxingcun, Muling, Hei | Beta-530980 | 齿板Tooth plate/AMS | - | >43500 | - | - | 本文 |
黑龙江饶河小南山 Xiaonanshan, Raohe, Hei | PV-179 | 骨头Bone /常规 Conventional method | 13285±410 | 12910±410 | 14055-16650 | 15397 | [ |
黑龙江五常学田 Xuetian, Wuchang, Hei | AECV-1405C | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 38800±3500 | 39423-52831* | 44528 | [ |
AECV-1406C | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 40200±3500 | 41037-52859* | 45638 | [ | |
AECV-1407C | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 39600±3000 | 40473-52677* | 44759 | [ | |
黑龙江牡丹江市 Mudanjiang, Hei | ZK-118-0 | 牙齿Tooth/常规 Conventional method | 21540±1000 | 20900±1000 | 23014-27345 | 25179 | [ |
黑龙江肇源三站 Sanzhan, Zhaoyuan, Hei | ZK-425-0 | 骨头Bone/常规 Conventional method | 21200±600 | 20610±600 | 23369-26243 | 24823 | [ |
黑龙江阎家岗 Yanjiagang, Hei | ETH-98609 | 掌骨Metacarpal/AMS | - | 38204±225 | 42145-42530 | 42339 | [ |
ETH-98608 | 肱骨Humerus /AMS | - | 41103±313 | 43311-44590 | 44123 | [ | |
ETH-98610 | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | ﹥41964 | - | - | [ | |
内蒙古扎赉诺尔# Zhalainuoer, Inner Mongolia | PV-170 | 粪化石Coprolites /常规Conventional method | 33765±1700 | 32810±1700 | 34565-41638 | 37880 | [ |
PV-175 | 骨头Bone/常规Conventional method | 26695±1300 | 25940±1300 | 27794-33671 | 30357 | [ | |
Kia34350 | 骨头Bone/AMS | - | 43500+1000/-800 | 45400-48800 | 47100 | [ | |
Beta313528 | 胃部残留Stomach remains/AMS | - | >43500 | - | - | [ | |
吉林榆树大康家屯 Dakangjiatun, Yushu, Jilin | ZK-1193 | 门齿Incisor/常规Conventional method | - | 38290±2000 | 39595-48100* | 42849 | [ |
吉林榆树周家油坊 Zhoujiayoufang, Yushu, Jilin | NU-138 | 肢骨Limb /常规Conventional method | - | 30810±1385 | 32246-39439 | 35571 | [ |
OxA-21001 | 臼齿Molar /AMS | - | 51600±1400 | 52063-? * | 53479 | [ | |
WB78-45 | 骨头Bone/常规Conventional method | 29750±1220 | 28910±1220 | 31036-36230 | 33342 | [ | |
吉林安图明月沟 Mingyuegou, Antu, Jilin | WB78-41 | 肩胛骨Scapula/常规Conventional method | 26560±550 | 25810±550 | 29106-31110 | 30098 | [ |
WB78-42 | 臼齿Molar/常规Conventional method | 35370±1850 | 34370±1850 | 35572-42826 | 39353 | [ | |
山东济南Jinan, Shandong | - | 臼齿Molar/AMS | - | 33150±250 | 37019-38945 | 37825 | [ |
表1 真猛犸象化石14C测年数据
Tab.1 The 14C dating of woolly mammoth in China
化石地点 Fossil sites | 编号 Lab ID | 材料 materials | 14C年代 Age (BP) /5730 | 14C年代 Age (BP) /5568 | 校正年代Calibrated age ( BP cal/ 2σ) | 校正中值Median age ( BP cal) | 文献Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
黑龙江青冈英贤村 Yingxiancun, Qinggang, Heilongjiang(Hei) | OxA-37718 | 头骨Skull /AMS | - | >44800 | - | - | 本文 |
OxA-37719 | 臼齿Molar /AMS | - | 48800±3400 | 47124-?* | 51340 | 本文 | |
Beta-476497 | 牙齿Tooth /AMS | - | 41560±500 | 43359-45241 | 44453 | 本文 | |
Beta-482695 | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 41030±460 | 43131-44676 | 43997 | 本文 | |
Beta-482698 | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | >43500 | - | - | 本文 | |
Beta-439349 | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | >43500 | - | - | [ | |
黑龙江穆棱新兴村 Xinxingcun, Muling, Hei | Beta-530980 | 齿板Tooth plate/AMS | - | >43500 | - | - | 本文 |
黑龙江饶河小南山 Xiaonanshan, Raohe, Hei | PV-179 | 骨头Bone /常规 Conventional method | 13285±410 | 12910±410 | 14055-16650 | 15397 | [ |
黑龙江五常学田 Xuetian, Wuchang, Hei | AECV-1405C | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 38800±3500 | 39423-52831* | 44528 | [ |
AECV-1406C | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 40200±3500 | 41037-52859* | 45638 | [ | |
AECV-1407C | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 39600±3000 | 40473-52677* | 44759 | [ | |
黑龙江牡丹江市 Mudanjiang, Hei | ZK-118-0 | 牙齿Tooth/常规 Conventional method | 21540±1000 | 20900±1000 | 23014-27345 | 25179 | [ |
黑龙江肇源三站 Sanzhan, Zhaoyuan, Hei | ZK-425-0 | 骨头Bone/常规 Conventional method | 21200±600 | 20610±600 | 23369-26243 | 24823 | [ |
黑龙江阎家岗 Yanjiagang, Hei | ETH-98609 | 掌骨Metacarpal/AMS | - | 38204±225 | 42145-42530 | 42339 | [ |
ETH-98608 | 肱骨Humerus /AMS | - | 41103±313 | 43311-44590 | 44123 | [ | |
ETH-98610 | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | ﹥41964 | - | - | [ | |
内蒙古扎赉诺尔# Zhalainuoer, Inner Mongolia | PV-170 | 粪化石Coprolites /常规Conventional method | 33765±1700 | 32810±1700 | 34565-41638 | 37880 | [ |
PV-175 | 骨头Bone/常规Conventional method | 26695±1300 | 25940±1300 | 27794-33671 | 30357 | [ | |
Kia34350 | 骨头Bone/AMS | - | 43500+1000/-800 | 45400-48800 | 47100 | [ | |
Beta313528 | 胃部残留Stomach remains/AMS | - | >43500 | - | - | [ | |
吉林榆树大康家屯 Dakangjiatun, Yushu, Jilin | ZK-1193 | 门齿Incisor/常规Conventional method | - | 38290±2000 | 39595-48100* | 42849 | [ |
吉林榆树周家油坊 Zhoujiayoufang, Yushu, Jilin | NU-138 | 肢骨Limb /常规Conventional method | - | 30810±1385 | 32246-39439 | 35571 | [ |
OxA-21001 | 臼齿Molar /AMS | - | 51600±1400 | 52063-? * | 53479 | [ | |
WB78-45 | 骨头Bone/常规Conventional method | 29750±1220 | 28910±1220 | 31036-36230 | 33342 | [ | |
吉林安图明月沟 Mingyuegou, Antu, Jilin | WB78-41 | 肩胛骨Scapula/常规Conventional method | 26560±550 | 25810±550 | 29106-31110 | 30098 | [ |
WB78-42 | 臼齿Molar/常规Conventional method | 35370±1850 | 34370±1850 | 35572-42826 | 39353 | [ | |
山东济南Jinan, Shandong | - | 臼齿Molar/AMS | - | 33150±250 | 37019-38945 | 37825 | [ |
化石出土地点 Fossil sites | 测年材料及方法 Dating materials and methods | 14C年代 Age ( BP) /5730 | 14C年代 Age ( BP) /5568 | 校正年代Calibrated age ( BP cal/2σ) | 校正中值 Median age ( BP cal) | 实验室编号 Lab ID | 文献 Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
黑龙江青冈英贤村Yingxiancun, Qinggang, Heilongjiang (Hei) | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | >44700 | - | - | OxA-37720 | 本文 |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | >46000 | - | - | OxA-37721 | 本文 | |
牙齿Tooth /AMS | - | 43610±630 | 44882-47497 | 46018 | Beta-476496 | 本文 | |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | >43500 | - | - | Beta-482696 | 本文 | |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | >43500 | - | - | Beta-482699 | 本文 | |
黑龙江青冈红旗村Hongqicun, Qinggang, Hei | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 16975±75 | 20322-20764 | 20507 | AAR-11030 | [ |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | 41150±500 | 43139-44827 | 44097 | OxA-20104 | [ | |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | >44000 | - | - | AAR-11031 | [ | |
黑龙江青冈 Qinggang, Hei | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 35085±180 | 39763-40684 | 40238 | - | [ |
黑龙江肇东太平乡Taipingxiang, Zhaodong, Hei | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 39625±250 | 42605-43230 | 42899 | - | [ |
黑龙江阎家岗Yanjiagang, Hei | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 40441±579 | 42820-44476 | 43616 | ETH-102509 | [ |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | 42241±721 | 43854-46346 | 44991 | ETH-102511 | [ | |
下颌骨Mandible/AMS | - | 42310±726 | 43949-46447 | 45024 | ETH-102512 | [ | |
内蒙古萨拉乌苏Salawusu, Inner Mongolia | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 37800±900 | 41012-43249 | 42165 | AAR-11043 | [ |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | 42230±370 | 44399-45544 | 44899 | - | [ | |
吉林榆树大康家屯Dakangjiatun, Yushu, Jilin | 骨头Bone /常规Conventional method | 31800±910 | 30900±910 | 33604-37840 | 35445 | WB78-46 | [ |
内蒙古扎赉诺尔Zhalainuoer, Inner Mongolia | 骨头Bone /常规Conventional method | 27005±800 | 26240±800 | 28806-32181 | 30500 | PV-220 | [ |
吉林安图明月沟Mingyuegou, Antu, Jilin | 臼齿Molar/常规Conventional method | 28720±750 | 27910±750 | 30939-34143 | 32248 | WB78-43 | [ |
吉林乾安大布苏Dabusu, Qianan, Jilin | 骨头Bone /常规Conventional method | - | 20530±465 | 23784-25804 | 24731 | - | [ |
河北阳原虎头梁Hutouliang, Yangyuan, Hebei | 骨头Bone /常规Conventional method | 11000±210 | 10690±210 | 11972-13085 | 12614 | PV-0156 | [ |
河南安阳小南海Xiaonanhai, Anyang, Henan | 骨头Bone /常规Conventional method | 13075±220 | 12710±220 | 14203-15757 | 15091 | ZK-0170 | [ |
山西阳高许家窑Xujiayao, Yanggao, Shanxi | 骨头Bone /常规Conventional method | 16920±2000 | 16450±2000 | 15628-26946 | 20551 | ZK-0670 | [ |
表2 披毛犀化石14C测年数据
Tab.2 The 14C dating of woolly rhinoceros in China
化石出土地点 Fossil sites | 测年材料及方法 Dating materials and methods | 14C年代 Age ( BP) /5730 | 14C年代 Age ( BP) /5568 | 校正年代Calibrated age ( BP cal/2σ) | 校正中值 Median age ( BP cal) | 实验室编号 Lab ID | 文献 Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
黑龙江青冈英贤村Yingxiancun, Qinggang, Heilongjiang (Hei) | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | >44700 | - | - | OxA-37720 | 本文 |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | >46000 | - | - | OxA-37721 | 本文 | |
牙齿Tooth /AMS | - | 43610±630 | 44882-47497 | 46018 | Beta-476496 | 本文 | |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | >43500 | - | - | Beta-482696 | 本文 | |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | >43500 | - | - | Beta-482699 | 本文 | |
黑龙江青冈红旗村Hongqicun, Qinggang, Hei | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 16975±75 | 20322-20764 | 20507 | AAR-11030 | [ |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | 41150±500 | 43139-44827 | 44097 | OxA-20104 | [ | |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | >44000 | - | - | AAR-11031 | [ | |
黑龙江青冈 Qinggang, Hei | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 35085±180 | 39763-40684 | 40238 | - | [ |
黑龙江肇东太平乡Taipingxiang, Zhaodong, Hei | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 39625±250 | 42605-43230 | 42899 | - | [ |
黑龙江阎家岗Yanjiagang, Hei | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 40441±579 | 42820-44476 | 43616 | ETH-102509 | [ |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | 42241±721 | 43854-46346 | 44991 | ETH-102511 | [ | |
下颌骨Mandible/AMS | - | 42310±726 | 43949-46447 | 45024 | ETH-102512 | [ | |
内蒙古萨拉乌苏Salawusu, Inner Mongolia | 骨头Bone /AMS | - | 37800±900 | 41012-43249 | 42165 | AAR-11043 | [ |
骨头Bone /AMS | - | 42230±370 | 44399-45544 | 44899 | - | [ | |
吉林榆树大康家屯Dakangjiatun, Yushu, Jilin | 骨头Bone /常规Conventional method | 31800±910 | 30900±910 | 33604-37840 | 35445 | WB78-46 | [ |
内蒙古扎赉诺尔Zhalainuoer, Inner Mongolia | 骨头Bone /常规Conventional method | 27005±800 | 26240±800 | 28806-32181 | 30500 | PV-220 | [ |
吉林安图明月沟Mingyuegou, Antu, Jilin | 臼齿Molar/常规Conventional method | 28720±750 | 27910±750 | 30939-34143 | 32248 | WB78-43 | [ |
吉林乾安大布苏Dabusu, Qianan, Jilin | 骨头Bone /常规Conventional method | - | 20530±465 | 23784-25804 | 24731 | - | [ |
河北阳原虎头梁Hutouliang, Yangyuan, Hebei | 骨头Bone /常规Conventional method | 11000±210 | 10690±210 | 11972-13085 | 12614 | PV-0156 | [ |
河南安阳小南海Xiaonanhai, Anyang, Henan | 骨头Bone /常规Conventional method | 13075±220 | 12710±220 | 14203-15757 | 15091 | ZK-0170 | [ |
山西阳高许家窑Xujiayao, Yanggao, Shanxi | 骨头Bone /常规Conventional method | 16920±2000 | 16450±2000 | 15628-26946 | 20551 | ZK-0670 | [ |
图3 中国真猛犸象和披毛犀化石14C测年结果与格林兰冰芯(NGRIP)氧同位素曲线[50] 注:实线表示AMS14C测年方法结果,虚线代表常规14C测年方法,“?”表示测定年代大于该年代,“?”号表示校正结果存在不确定性;H1-H5表示
Fig.3 The 14C dating of woolly mammoth and rhinoceros in China, and the δ18O records from Greenland ice core (NGRIP)[50] Heinrich冷事件。The solid line represents the AMS14C dating results, and the dashed line represents the conventional 14C dating results. “?” indicates that the dating is older than this age, and “?” marks the uncertainty dating result. H1-H5 represent Heinrich cold events.
图4 MIS 3和LGM阶段真猛犸象在欧亚大陆的分布 (数据来源[5,7,12],本文)
Fig.4 The distribution of woolly mammoth during MIS 3 and LGM in Eurasia (Data sources[5,7,12], this study )
图5 MIS 3和LGM阶段披毛犀在欧亚大陆的分布(数据来源[5,7,12],本文)
Fig.5 The distribution of woolly rhinoceros during MIS 3 and LGM in Eurasia (Data sources[5,7,12], this study )
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