生物考古学视野下人类的牙齿与饮食

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2021.0057

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

饮食在人类文化的起源与演变中扮演着重要角色,而牙齿作为饮食信息的主要载体,从不同角度为复原古代人类饮食谱系提供了可能。作为人类咀嚼行为、饮食结构及生业模式的直接反映,口腔疾病和牙齿表面微观痕迹的体质人类学分析显得尤其重要。牙齿中微量元素和稳定同位素的检测,对于揭示古代人类的迁徙与流动、生命在不同阶段的摄食行为与营养状况、农业的起源与发展等问题具有着不可估量的作用。本文在回顾考古遗址中出土人类牙齿的重要性及研究方法的多样性基础上,结合牙齿的生长发育特征,绘制了不同牙位各生长序列所匹配的人类年龄图谱,并参照此图谱,提出了全新的牙本质连续切片取样方法。本文构想从体质人类学与碳、氮等稳定同位素分析的角度出发,以牙本质的连续切片、肢骨及肋骨等人体组织为关联式地研究材料,在探索古人类个体生命史的基础上展望“代际考古”。

关键词: 牙齿, 稳定同位素分析, 食谱重建, “代际考古”

Abstract:

Diet plays an important role in the origin and evolution of human culture. As the main carrier of dietary information, teeth provide the possibility to reconstruct the dietary lineage of ancient human from different perspectives. As a direct reflection of human chewing behavior, dietary structure and living pattern, the physical anthropological analysis of oral diseases and microscopic traces on the surface of teeth is particularly important. The detection of trace elements and stable isotopes in teeth plays an immeasurable role in revealing the migration and flow of ancient human beings, the feeding behavior and nutritional status in different stages of life, and the origin and development of agriculture. In this paper, based on the review of the importance of human teeth unearthed from archaeological sites and the diversity of research methods, combined with the characteristics of tooth growth and development, we draw the human age map of the dentin growth sequence matched by different dentin positions. Based on this map, we proposed a new method of dentin continuous section sampling. This paper proposes that from the angle of physical anthropology and stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen, using continuous sections of dentin, limb bones, ribs and other human tissues as related materials, on the basis of exploring the individual life history of ancient human beings, the research of “intergenerational archaeology” is prospected.

Key words: Tooth, Stable isotope analysis, Food structure recovery, Intergenerational archaeological

中图分类号:

Q981.1

雷帅, 郭怡. 生物考古学视野下人类的牙齿与饮食[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(03): 501-513.

LEI Shuai, GUO Yi. Human tooth and diet from a bioarcheological perspective[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(03): 501-513.

图/表 6

表1 人类牙齿生长发育年龄

Tab.1 Age of human tooth growth and development

牙齿 Tooth	开始矿化 Began to mineralization (a)	齿冠形成 Crown complete(a)	完全萌出 Completely eruption (a)	完全发育 Develop complete (a)
UI1	0.5±0.125	4.5	8	9.5
UI2	0.9±0.125	5.5	9	10.5
UC	0.6±0.125	5.5	12	14.5
UP1	2.5	6.5	10	13.5
UP2	3.5	6.5	12	14.5
UM1	0.3±0.125	3.5	6	9.5
UM2	2.5	8.5	12	15.5
UM3	8.5	14.5	18+	21-23
LI1	0.6±0.125	3.5	6	8.5
LI2	0.6±0.125	3.5	7	8.5
LC	0.9±0.125	5.5	9	13.0
LP1	2.5	6.5	10	13.5
LP2	2.5	6.5	12	14.5
LM1	0.3±0.125	3.5	6	10.0
LM2	2.5	8.5	12	15.5
LM3	8.5	14.5	18+	22-23
DI1	-0.3±0.042	0.25±0.042	0.5	2.5
DI2	-0.3±0.042	0.3±0.042	0.6	2.5
DC	-0.2±0.042	0.6±0.042	1.3	3.5
DM1	-0.2±0.042	0.9±0.042	1	3.5
DM2	-0.2±0.042	0.9±0.042	1.6-2.5	3.5

图1 人类牙齿生长发育年龄图谱改自参考文献[32], [33], [34], [37]：1)参考表1绘制了人类恒、乳齿各牙位在开始矿化、齿冠形成、萌出及完全发育等重要生长阶段依次对应的具体年龄;2)乳齿上、下颌的生长发育不存在明显的时间差异

Fig.1 The human tooth growth and development age map Adapted from the references [32], [33], [34], [37] : 1) Referring to the data in Table 1, the above figure plots the specific ages corresponding to each tooth position of human permanent deciduous teeth in the important growth stages such as the initiation of mineralized crown formation, emergence and full development. 2)There is no significant time difference between upper and lower teeth in the growth and development of deciduous teeth

图2 人类牙齿纵向解剖示意图

Fig.2 Longitudinal anatomydiagram of human tooth

图3 下颌第一臼齿齿冠、齿根及根尖连续切片示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of continuous section sampling of crown, root and apex of mandibular first molar

表2 下颌第1臼齿连续切片与个体年龄的关系

Tab.2 Correlation between continuous section of mandibular first molar and individual age

部位Position	切片Section (mm)	年龄Section age(a)	最终年龄End age(a)
齿冠Crown	18-17	0-0.7	0.7
	17-16	0.7-1.4	1.4
	16-15	1.4-2.1	2.1
	15-14	2.1-2.8	2.8
	14-13	2.8-3.5	3.5
齿根Root	13-12	3.5-4	4
	12-10	4-5	5
	10-8	5-6	6
	8-6	6-7	7
	6-4	7-8	8
	4-2	8-9	9
根尖Root tip	2-0	9-10	10

图4 牙齿及骨骼稳定同位素分析对人类不同生命阶段食谱的追踪注：改自参考文献[46]: 图中描绘了乳齿、恒齿、肢骨及肋骨的稳定同位素分析,可表征人类不同生命阶段食谱的年限。其中乳齿可表征围产期前后至出生后的2.5~3.5年;恒齿可表征出生后的21~23年;肢骨可表征死亡前的10~20年;肋骨可表征死亡前的2~5年

Fig.4 Stable isotope analysis of teeth and bones tracing diets at different stages of human life Adapted from the referenc [46]: Stable isotopic analysis of deciduous teeth, permanent teeth, limb bones, and ribs is depicted in the figure, which can be used to characterize the diet years of different human life stages. The deciduous teeth can be characterized from around perinatal period to 2.5~3.5 years after birth. Permanent teeth can represent 21~23 years after birth. The limb bones can be characterized 10~20 years before death. The ribs may represent 2~5 years prior to death

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