人类学学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (03): 359-372.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0006cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0006
杜雨薇1,2,3(), 张乐1,2(), 叶芷1,2,3, 裴树文1,2
收稿日期:
2022-07-04
修回日期:
2022-10-10
出版日期:
2023-06-15
发布日期:
2023-06-13
通讯作者:
张乐,副研究员,主要从事旧石器时代动物考古学研究。E-mail: zhangyue@ivpp.ac.cn
作者简介:
杜雨薇,博士研究生,主要从事旧石器时代动物考古学研究。E-mail: 基金资助:
DU Yuwei1,2,3(), ZHANG Yue1,2(), YE Zhi1,2,3, PEI Shuwen1,2
Received:
2022-07-04
Revised:
2022-10-10
Online:
2023-06-15
Published:
2023-06-13
摘要:
泥河湾盆地南部蔚县盆地区域的河湖相地层发育良好,并保存有丰富的考古材料与人类活动信息,在研究我国北方中更新世人类演化与行为方面有重要的价值。本文对蔚县盆地吉家庄遗址群4个地点出土的动物遗存进行了初步埋藏学观察与研究。结果显示,A与D地点的动物骨骼数量较少,反映的埋藏信息有限,不作为本文主要讨论对象;E地点出土的部分动物骨骼带有异地埋藏的特点,人类行为信息可能受到干扰,变得模糊;B地点动物化石接近原地埋藏,中更新世古人类应该是该地点动物资源的初级利用者与动物骨骼富集的主要动因。分析表明,B地点古人类于原地对大中型食草动物进行了肢解、割肉与敲骨取髓等多种活动,随后食肉动物又利用了这些动物骨骼的剩余营养成分,但动物骨骼数量与组成说明古人类在此地点的生存活动是短暂且有限的。
中图分类号:
杜雨薇, 张乐, 叶芷, 裴树文. 蔚县盆地吉家庄旧石器遗址动物骨骼的埋藏学分析[J]. 人类学学报, 2023, 42(03): 359-372.
DU Yuwei, ZHANG Yue, YE Zhi, PEI Shuwen. A taphonomic analysis of faunal remains from the Jijiazhuang Paleolithic site in the Yuxian Basin[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2023, 42(03): 359-372.
图2 吉家庄遗址B与E地点出土的部分动物骨骼 a.马左下臼齿left lower molar of Equus sp.;b.鹿臼齿molar of Cervus sp.;c.牛左上前臼齿left upper premolar of Bovidae;d.啮齿类右侧下颌right mandible of Rodentia;e.鸟右侧肱骨right femur of Aves;f.犀颈椎cervical vertebra of Rhinocerotidae;g.瞪羚左侧角心left horn core of Gazella sp.
Fig.2 Some faunal specimens from JJZ-B and JJZ-E
地点Sites→ 动物种属Animal species↓ | A地点 | B地点 | D地点 | E地点 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NISP | MNI | NISP | MNI | NISP | MNI | NISP | MNI | ||||
兔类Lagomorpha | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||
啮齿类Rodentia | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 2 | |||
狐Vulpes sp. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
小型食肉类Small carnivores | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |||
马Equus sp. | 16 | 1 | 46 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 37 | 2 | |||
犀科Rhinocerotidae | 6 | 1 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 15 | 1 | |||
鹿Cervus sp. | 2 | 1 | 25 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1 | |||
瞪羚Gazella sp. | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | |||
牛科Bovidae | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1 | |||
大型食草类Large herbivores | 7 | 1 | 27 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 2 | |||
小计Sum | 32 | 5 | 143 | 17 | 13 | 6 | 97 | 13 | |||
其他Others * | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | |||
总计Total | 32 | 156 | 13 | 111 |
表1 吉家庄遗址A, B, D与E地点出土动物种属的数量统计
Tab.1 Counts of animal species from JJZ-A, B, D and E
地点Sites→ 动物种属Animal species↓ | A地点 | B地点 | D地点 | E地点 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NISP | MNI | NISP | MNI | NISP | MNI | NISP | MNI | ||||
兔类Lagomorpha | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||
啮齿类Rodentia | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 2 | |||
狐Vulpes sp. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
小型食肉类Small carnivores | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |||
马Equus sp. | 16 | 1 | 46 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 37 | 2 | |||
犀科Rhinocerotidae | 6 | 1 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 15 | 1 | |||
鹿Cervus sp. | 2 | 1 | 25 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1 | |||
瞪羚Gazella sp. | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | |||
牛科Bovidae | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1 | |||
大型食草类Large herbivores | 7 | 1 | 27 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 2 | |||
小计Sum | 32 | 5 | 143 | 17 | 13 | 6 | 97 | 13 | |||
其他Others * | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | |||
总计Total | 32 | 156 | 13 | 111 |
种属Species→ 骨骼部位Bone element↓ | 马Equus sp. | 犀科Rhinocerotidae | 鹿Cervus sp. | 牛Bovidae | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B地点 | E地点 | B地点 | E地点 | B地点 | E地点 | B地点 | E地点 | ||||
下颌骨Mandibles | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.0% | 62.5% | 0 | 0 | |||
颈椎Cervical vertebrae | 28.6% | 0 | 0 | 14.3% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
胸椎Thoracic vertebrae | 15.1% | 1.7% | 9.4% | 16.3% | 19.2% | 0 | 0 | 15.4% | |||
腰椎Lumbar vertebrae | 9.6% | 8.3% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 37.5% | 0 | 0 | |||
肋骨Ribs | 4.0% | 0 | 5.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.6% | 0 | |||
髋骨Innominates | 21.4% | 100.0% | 50.0% | 0 | 25.0% | 50.0% | 0 | 20.0% | |||
肱骨Humerus | 71.4% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
股骨Femurs | 28.6% | 5.0% | 30.0% | 0 | 83.3% | 50.0% | 40.0% | 0 | |||
髌骨Patellas | 71.4% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
尺桡骨Radius-Ulna | 0 | 25.0% | 100.0% | 50.0% | 66.7% | 100.0% | 60.0% | 40.0% | |||
胫骨Tibia | 71.4% | 35.0% | 50.0% | 41.7% | 50.0% | 60.0% | 30.0% | ||||
腓骨Fibula | 0 | 0 | 50.0% | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
腕骨Carpals | 71.4% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
其他跗骨Other tarsals | 71.4% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.0% | |||
跟骨Calcaneus | 0 | 5.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
距骨Astragalus | 71.4% | 50.0% | 0 | 0 | 75.0% | 0 | 100.0% | 0 | |||
掌骨Metacarpals | 71.4% | 50.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
跖骨Metatarsals | 100.0% | 50.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.0% | 0 | |||
第一趾节骨Phalange I | 25.0% | 0 | 0 | 5.8% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
第二趾节骨Phalange II | 71.4% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.0% | |||
第三趾节骨Phalange III | 35.7% | 0 | 0 | 8.3% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
表2 吉家庄遗址B、E地点出土马、犀、鹿与牛的骨骼单元分布
Tab.2 Bone element abundance (%MAU) of Equus sp., Rhinocerotidae, Cervus sp. and Bovidae from JJZ-B and JJZ-E
种属Species→ 骨骼部位Bone element↓ | 马Equus sp. | 犀科Rhinocerotidae | 鹿Cervus sp. | 牛Bovidae | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B地点 | E地点 | B地点 | E地点 | B地点 | E地点 | B地点 | E地点 | ||||
下颌骨Mandibles | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.0% | 62.5% | 0 | 0 | |||
颈椎Cervical vertebrae | 28.6% | 0 | 0 | 14.3% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
胸椎Thoracic vertebrae | 15.1% | 1.7% | 9.4% | 16.3% | 19.2% | 0 | 0 | 15.4% | |||
腰椎Lumbar vertebrae | 9.6% | 8.3% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 37.5% | 0 | 0 | |||
肋骨Ribs | 4.0% | 0 | 5.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.6% | 0 | |||
髋骨Innominates | 21.4% | 100.0% | 50.0% | 0 | 25.0% | 50.0% | 0 | 20.0% | |||
肱骨Humerus | 71.4% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
股骨Femurs | 28.6% | 5.0% | 30.0% | 0 | 83.3% | 50.0% | 40.0% | 0 | |||
髌骨Patellas | 71.4% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
尺桡骨Radius-Ulna | 0 | 25.0% | 100.0% | 50.0% | 66.7% | 100.0% | 60.0% | 40.0% | |||
胫骨Tibia | 71.4% | 35.0% | 50.0% | 41.7% | 50.0% | 60.0% | 30.0% | ||||
腓骨Fibula | 0 | 0 | 50.0% | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
腕骨Carpals | 71.4% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
其他跗骨Other tarsals | 71.4% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.0% | |||
跟骨Calcaneus | 0 | 5.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
距骨Astragalus | 71.4% | 50.0% | 0 | 0 | 75.0% | 0 | 100.0% | 0 | |||
掌骨Metacarpals | 71.4% | 50.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
跖骨Metatarsals | 100.0% | 50.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.0% | 0 | |||
第一趾节骨Phalange I | 25.0% | 0 | 0 | 5.8% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
第二趾节骨Phalange II | 71.4% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.0% | |||
第三趾节骨Phalange III | 35.7% | 0 | 0 | 8.3% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
种属Species→ 部位Element↓ | 鹿Cervus sp. | 马或牛Equus sp. or Bovidae | 犀Rhinocerotidae | 总计Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gnaw | Cut | Gnaw | Cut | Gnaw | Cut | Gnaw | Cut | ||||
颅骨Cranial bones | 0 | 0 | 14.3% | 0 | 0 | 12.5% | 14.3% | 12.5% | |||
下颌骨Mandibles | 33.3% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33.3% | 16.7% | 16.7% | |||
颈椎Cervical vertebrae | 0 | 0 | 50% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50% | 0 | |||
胸椎Thoracic vertebrae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50% | 0 | 16.7% | 0 | |||
肋骨Ribs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.7% | 0 | 5.6% | |||
上部肢骨Upper limbs | 25% | 25% | 0 | 10% | 0 | 14.3% | 15.4% | 14.3% | |||
中部肢骨Middle limbs | 0 | 0 | 6.3% | 50% | 0 | 11.8% | 5.3% | 15.8% | |||
距骨Astragalus | 100% | 0 | 50% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66.7% | 0 |
表3 吉家庄B地点出土骨骼上食肉咬痕与切割痕迹的分布
Tab.3 Frequency of carnivore gnaw marks and cut marks across bone elements from JJZ-B
种属Species→ 部位Element↓ | 鹿Cervus sp. | 马或牛Equus sp. or Bovidae | 犀Rhinocerotidae | 总计Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gnaw | Cut | Gnaw | Cut | Gnaw | Cut | Gnaw | Cut | ||||
颅骨Cranial bones | 0 | 0 | 14.3% | 0 | 0 | 12.5% | 14.3% | 12.5% | |||
下颌骨Mandibles | 33.3% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33.3% | 16.7% | 16.7% | |||
颈椎Cervical vertebrae | 0 | 0 | 50% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50% | 0 | |||
胸椎Thoracic vertebrae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50% | 0 | 16.7% | 0 | |||
肋骨Ribs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.7% | 0 | 5.6% | |||
上部肢骨Upper limbs | 25% | 25% | 0 | 10% | 0 | 14.3% | 15.4% | 14.3% | |||
中部肢骨Middle limbs | 0 | 0 | 6.3% | 50% | 0 | 11.8% | 5.3% | 15.8% | |||
距骨Astragalus | 100% | 0 | 50% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66.7% | 0 |
图3 吉家庄遗址B地点出土动物骨骼的表面痕迹 a.保留食肉动物咬痕与砍砸痕迹的颈椎a cervical vertebrate with carnivore tooth marks and percussion marks;b.图a方框内部砸击痕迹放大amplified percussion marks of figure 3a;c.保留切割痕迹的肋骨a rib with cutmarks;d.图c方框内部切割痕迹放大amplified cutmarks of figure 3c;e.保留食肉动物咬痕与切割痕迹的枕髁an occipital condyle with carnivore tooth marks overlying cutmarks;f. 图e方框内部痕迹放大amplified marks of figure 3e;g.图e方框内部痕迹放大amplified marks of figure 3e;h.保留有整体胃酸腐蚀痕迹以及食肉动物咬痕的距骨an astragalus with carnivore stomach acid corrosion and tooth pits
Fig.3 Bone surface modifications on animal bones from JJZ-B
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