统万城遗址位于陕西省靖边县,是十六国时期大夏国都城所在,历经北魏、西魏、北周、隋、唐、五代、北宋七个朝代共575年。其所处中国北方农牧交错地带,一直是人群往来、交融之地。本文参照《人体测量手册》所列方法对统万城遗址出土人骨进行颅面形态特征的分析。结果表明,统万城遗址出土颅骨是以亚洲蒙古人种为主体,在形态上既存在古人种类型的差异,又表现出多种古人种类型融合的特点,另外还有个体表现出少量欧罗巴人群的性状。统万城遗址居民颅面特征的多态性与融合性,和古代人群演化的历时性特点相吻合,与统万城历史上频繁的人群往来相关,欧罗巴人种因素可能来自粟特人的影响。男女两性居民的主体构成可能有不同来源,随着政治权力主体变化,农人与牧人所占比重也发生了变化。

Tongwan City, located in Jingbian County, Shaanxi province, is the capital of Daxia in the Sixteen States period. It had lasted for 575 years, including Northern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Northern Song. Tongwan City lies in the agro-pastoral zone in North China, and has always been a place for people to migrate and communicate. This article refers to the methods listed in the “Anthropometric Manual” to analyze the craniofacial morphological characteristics of the human bones unearthed from the Tongwan City site. The results show that the ancient residents of Tongwan City were dominated by Asian Mongolian races. In terms of morphology, there were differences in ancient race types and the fusion of multiple ancient race types. In addition, there are individuals showing some traits of Europoid. The polymorphism and fusion of the craniofacial characteristics of the residents in the Tongwan city are consistent with the diachronic characteristics of ancient population evolution, and are related to the frequent population exchanges in the history of Tongwan City. The Europoid factor may be influenced by the Sogdians. The main composition of male and female residents may have different sources. As the replacement of major political power bodies, the proportion of farmers and herders also changes with it, to a certain extent.