颅骨板障静脉的三维复原及其在人类演化中的意义
收稿日期: 2025-04-11
录用日期: 2025-06-06
网络出版日期: 2025-08-07
基金资助
国家重点研发计划(2023YFF0804502);国家自然科学基金(42372001);国家自然科学基金(42472006)
Three dimensional reconstruction of cranial diploic veins and its significance in human evolution
Received date: 2025-04-11
Accepted date: 2025-06-06
Online published: 2025-08-07
板障静脉是颅骨骨壁内部的复杂血管网络，在颅脑血液循环中发挥重要作用。自18世纪初发现该结构以来，受限于传统的解剖学观测方法，发表的相关研究成果非常匮乏，其形态变异与功能特征存在较多疑问。近年来，借助CT扫描设备和新开发的三维建模复原技术，板障静脉的研究正在突破瓶颈限制。新研究注意到板障静脉的传统分类命名缺少广泛适用性，因此重新确认了板障静脉的分布特点，并发现了其在脑脊液循环以及大脑冷却等方面的功能和意义。于古人类化石研究而言，则进一步注意到了板障静脉在不同种属间的差异，该研究有助于古人类化石的分类学讨论。此外，板障静脉可能参与了人类大脑演化，与颅容量以及大脑局部形状存在关联。本文在梳理板障静脉的研究历史和最新的研究进展的基础上，总结了其技术难点及未来的研究方向，以期促进国内相关研究的开展。
惠家明 . 颅骨板障静脉的三维复原及其在人类演化中的意义[J]. 人类学学报, 2025 , 44(04) : 545 -555 . DOI: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0059
Diploic veins are a complex vascular network within the cranial wall, playing a significant role in human cranial blood circulation. Since their discovery in the early 18th century, research on this structure has been limited by the traditional dissection methods, leaving many questions unresolved regarding their morphological variations, functions, and implications for human evolution. Recent advances in CT and MR imaging and newly-developed 3D reconstruction techniques have overcome previous bottlenecks, which can detect the morphological details of these vascular structures. New studies have revealed that traditional classifications of diploic veins lack broad applicability, while also redefining their distribution areas and patterns and identifying functional roles in cerebrospinal fluid circulation and cerebral thermoregulation, which may be essential to human brain physiology. Research on hominin fossils has further highlighted interspecific differences in diploic veins, offering potential applications in future taxonomical discussions. The current evidence indicates that the diploic vascular pattern can identify Neanderthal cranial fossils from other Homo species, and it also help differentiate non-human primates from hominins. Additionally, diploic veins may have contributed to human brain evolution, with possible links to brain volume and regional endocast morphology. To clarify the mechanism behind the variation and evolution, further studies are warranted to investigate the diploic vascular morphology and physiology in large extant human populations and also in hominin fossils. This paper reviews the history of diploic vein research and synthesizes recent advancements, summarizing methodologies, technical challenges, and future directions to promote further studies in this field.
Key words： hominins; Micro-CT; 3D reconstruction; brain evolution; taxonomy
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