近年来，地理信息系统在我国的区域调查、遗址定位与聚落形态研究中已展现出显著优势。然而，其在动物考古学中的应用仍相对有限，主要集中在地理信息系统最小骨骼单位的计算上。本文以后套木嘎遗址G2环壕和房址出土的原始牛肢骨为研究对象，尝试运用ArcGIS Pro软件对骨骼保存率与骨表烧灼痕迹的分布模式进行空间分析。研究共采集分析了来自G2的1434例和房址的322例原始牛长骨样本。结果显示，无论是G2还是房址，肢骨均呈现出近远端保存率高于骨干的趋势，提示人类可能通过砸骨取髓的方式影响了骨骼的破碎模式；房址样本的整体破碎度略高，可能与骨骼利用率更高及食肉动物啃咬造成的二次损坏有关。对G2出土骨骼表面烧灼痕迹空间分析进一步表明，在敲骨取髓前对骨骼进行短暂加热可能是一种提高敲击效率的预处理行为，其痕迹分布与骨骼断裂位置高度相关，且具有一定规律性。本研究表明，GIS不仅能够提升动物骨骼定量分析的精度，还为骨骼信息的可视化与跨遗址比较提供了新的方法路径，展示了其在动物考古学研究中的应用潜力与价值。

Since its introduction into archaeological research in 1970s, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become a powerful tool for exploring spatial patterns, environmental relationships, and human behaviours. Initially used for spatial distribution analysis and predictive modeling of archaeological sites, GIS applications have since expanded to include sophisticated analyses such as settlement predictions, least-cost path modeling, and viewshed analysis. In China, the use of GIS in archaeology began in the 1990s and has grown steadily, particularly in the areas of regional surveys, settlement pattern studies, and landscape archaeology. However, within the field of zooarchaeology, the utilization of GIS remains scarce, with applications limited to quantitative study such as calculating the value of Minimum Number of Elements (MNE).

This study applies GIS spatial techniques to 1434 long bones of wild aurochs (Bos primigenius) recovered from the G2 trench and 322 long bones from house features at the Houtaomuga site, Jilin Province. Before recovering the long bones in GIS method, we employed bison bone density data obtained by computed tomography (CT) to assess the relationship between %MAU and mineral density using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Result presents the relationship between the %MAU of long bone portions from the house features is negative and highly significant, suggesting that mineral density contributed little to destructive processes in this context. By contrast, the %MAU values from G2 show a positive, though weak, correlation with bone density. This weak linear correlation indicates that density-related destructive processes were present at G2 but can not provide a primary explanation for its anatomical representation.

Using standardized vector templates derived from extant bison skeletons, ArcGIS Pro was employed to analyze bone survivorship patterns and spatial distribution of thermal alteration marks. The results reveal that bone proximal/distal ends are better preserved than mid-shaft fragments, consistent with patterns typically associated with marrow extraction practices. Scorched burn marks were most frequently located on the mid-shaft regions of bones, suggesting a brief exposure to heat, possibly to facilitate bone breakage. This distribution patterns vary among the different long bone elements, and we attribute this variance to different bone breaking methods, an adjustment to bone morphology, and the condition of bone articulation.

The study demonstrates that GIS-based spatial analysis can provide visualizations of bone survivorship pattern and the distribution of bone surface modification, offering a new avenue for interpreting human behaviours in the archaeological assemblage. By incorporating spatial data into analysis of faunal remains, this research broadens the methodological toolkit available to zooarchaeologists and highlights the potential of GIS to uncover insights into past subsistence strategies, resource utilization, and bone processing practices in prehistoric societies.