现代人出现和演化的化石证据

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0036

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来，新材料的发现、新测年结果的更新以及分子生物学的加入，刷新了关于现代人在各主要区域出现时间、在迁徙扩散中与古老人群的交流模式、晚更新世晚期现代人演化复杂场景等方面的认识。本文梳理了关于现代人出现和演化路径的主要化石证据和研究成果。目前化石证据显示：非洲准现代人的出现时间最早可到MIS 9阶段，非洲现代人在中更新世晚期到晚更新世化石证据连续；欧亚大陆现代人的出现时间可追溯到MIS 6阶段，在MIS 5a-MIS 4阶段经历“瓶颈期”，在MIS 3阶段开始广泛分布。从已有证据来看，MIS 3和MIS 2阶段，欧亚大陆不同区域的现代人演化链条并非单一线性，而是呈现有断点的“网状”演化模式。

关键词: 现代人起源, 生物人类学, 智人, 年代, 分子生物学

Abstract:

Modern humans (or recent, late or modern Homo sapiens) are characterized by their morphology, behavior, genetics etc. The mode of modern human origins and their evolutionary route has been the focus of many multidisciplinary researches including paleoanthropology, molecular biology, Paleolithic archaeology, environment and chronology. In recent years, findings of new fossil materials and chronological dating have updated the first appearance of modern humans in different continents and to earlier times. Applications of molecular biology reveal common genetic mixing among Neandertals, Denisovans, and modern humans, leading to a complicated scenario of early modern human evolution since the Upper Paleolithic. However, controversies still exist, and in particular, there are still several unsolved issues about how modern humans originated and evolved on the East Asian mainland. This work summarizes the important fossils of modern humans and the key findings about origin mode and evolutionary routes. Pre-modern H. sapiens can be traced back to Marine Isotope Stage 9 (MIS 9) in Africa, where there is relatively continuous fossil evidence through the late Middle to Late Pleistocene. The first appearance of modern humans in Eurasia was pushed back to MIS 6, and after a hiatus of fossil evidence during MIS 5a and MIS 4, modern humans began to widely disperse across the whole Eurasian continent including islands of East Asia, the southeast and Oceania. It is this fossil evidence and chronology that indicates multiple dispersals of early modern humans out of Africa. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, the evolutionary route of Eurasian modern humans during the MIS 3 and MIS 2 is non-linear. Instead, the evolutionary dead end of certain individuals (or the population it represents) and the inter-continent population connections suggest a mode of “net with breakpoints” for the evolutionary route of early modern humans. Future studies focusing on phenomics of fossil hominins and extant modern humans, more fossil evidence and analysis of ancient DNA will shed more light on this emergence pattern and evolutionary mode of modern humans in Eurasia, especially those in the East Asian continent.

Key words: modern human origins, biological anthropology, Homo sapiens, chronology, molecular biology

中图分类号:

Q981

邢松. 现代人出现和演化的化石证据[J]. 人类学学报, 2022, 41(06): 1069-1082.

XING Song. Fossil evidence of the emergence of modern humans and their evolution[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(06): 1069-1082.

图/表 1

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