黎族的体成分与体质特征

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2017.0020

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

1982年和1988年已经有学者报道了黎族体质人类学研究资料,近年来又报道了黎族的分子人类学研究成果。目前未见关于黎族身体组成成分的研究,也没有当前黎族的体质人类学数据。2014年11月,在海南省五指山市5个黎族村寨进行607例（男为308例,女为299例）黎族成人的人体测量。研究发现,黎族人偏瘦,肌肉较发达。随年龄增长,黎族男性体脂率的增加,主要是躯干脂肪率增大造成的,与四肢脂肪率关系不大。男性由于骨量、躯干和四肢肌肉量的下降造成瘦体质量的逐渐减小。随年龄增长,黎族女性的体脂率呈线性增大,总肌肉量呈线性减小。体脂率的逐渐增大是由于躯干和四肢的脂肪率逐渐增加造成的,总肌肉量的逐渐减小是左下肢肌肉量、躯干肌肉量逐渐下降造成的。黎族男女均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、阔面型、中鼻型、中躯干型、中胸型、宽肩型、中骨盆型、中腿型。与30年前黎族头面部资料相比,本文测量的黎族头宽、面宽值较大,头更圆些、更阔些,面更阔些,红唇较薄,形态面高值较小,男性鼻宽值较小。

关键词: 活体观察, 活体测量, 体脂率, 肌肉量, 体成分, 黎族

Abstract:

There are some reports about physical anthropology studies of Li minority nationality published in 1982 and 1988 separately, and there are some research findings about molecular anthropology in recent years. However, it is still a lack of studies about body composition and physical anthropology data of Li minority nationality. Anthropometry of 607 cases spread in 5 stockaded villages in Wuzhishan city of Hainan Province of Li minority nationality adults (308 males and 299 females) were measured in November 2014. The study finds out that Li minority nationality are thin and muscular. The body fat percentage of Li minority nationality male increases with age mainly due to the increase of trunk fat percentage and has little relationship with limbs fat percentage. The decline in lean body mass of male is due to decrease of bone mass, torso and limbs muscle. With the growth of age, body fat percentage of Li minority nationality female increases linearly, total body muscle mass decreases linearly. Gradually increasing in body fat percentage is due to increase of trunk fat percentage and limb fat percentage. Decrease of total body muscle mass is caused by decrease of while left lower limb muscle and trunk muscle mass.Li minority nationality men and women are brachycephaly, hypsicephalic type, metriocephalic type, euryprosopy, mesorrhiny, medium length of trunk, medium chest circumference, broad shoulder breadth, medium distance between iliac crests, mesatiskelic type. Comparing with the head facial data of Li minority nationality in 30 years ago, the values of head breadth and face breadth in this paper are bigger, faces are rounder and broader, and faces are wider while red lips are thinner, and morphological facial height values are smaller, the nose breadth values of males of Li minority nationality is smaller.

Key words: Somatoscopy, Somatometry, Body fat percentage, Body muscle mass, Body composition, Li minority nationality

中图分类号:

Q983

李咏兰, 郑连斌, 金丹. 黎族的体成分与体质特征[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(01): 77-87.

LI Yonglan, ZHENG Lianbin, JIN Dan. An analysis of body composition and physical features of Li people[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(01): 77-87.

图/表 8

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变量Parameter	男性Male				方差分析 Variance analysis			回归分析 Regression
变量Parameter	20-岁组age group	45-岁组age group	60-75岁组 age group	合计 total	F	P	多重比较MC	F	P
体质量（kg）Weight	61.2±9.8	61.2±9.8	57.8±10.2	60.5±10.0	2.953	0.054		22.145	0.000
身高（mm）Height	1660.4±57.6	1641.1±57.1	1599.5±55.9	1642.4±61.4	25.180	0.000	abc	50.602	0.000
总体脂率（%）PBF	18.1±5.7	20.3±5.9	21.6±6.3	19.5±6.0	9.456	0.000	ab	26.435	0.000
总肌肉量（kg）TBMM	47.1±5.6	46.0±5.1	42.4±5.4	45.8±5.7	16.690	0.000	bc	28.107	0.000
推定骨量（kg）EBM	2.7±0.8	2.5±0.3	2.4±0.3	2.6±0.6	5.827	0.003	bc	14.346	0.000
BMI(kg/ m²)	22.2±3.3	22.8±3.4	22.2±4.2	22.4±3.5	0.970	0.380		0.977	0.324
热量（kcal）TEML	2155.7±360.2	2004.6±340.2	1856.4±316.3	2049.8±364.2	17.604	0.000	abc	35.766	0.000
生理年龄（岁）PA（a）	27.0±10.8	38.9±13.4	50.7±10.4	35.4±14.8	98.419	0.000	abc	284.229	0.000
水分率（%）PBW	55.3±4.7	54.8±4.8	54.7±6.2	55.0±5.1	0.491	0.613		1.578	0.210
内脏脂肪等级VFL	6.3±3.9	9.8±3.9	12.2±4.3	8.5±4.6	55.881	0.000	abc	150.909	0.000
右上肢脂肪率（%）PRULF	14.5±5.5	14.8±4.7	15.8±4.8	14.9±5.2	1.346	0.262		3.193	0.075
右上肢肌肉量（kg）RULMM	2.4±0.4	2.4±0.3	2.2±0.4	2.4±0.4	12.124	0.000	bc	17.216	0.000
左上肢脂肪率（%）PLULF	15.1±4.1	15.7±4.5	15.4±4.7	15.3±4.4	0.456	0.634		0.444	0.506
左上肢肌肉量（kg）LULMM	2.3±0.4	2.2±0.3	2.1±0.5	2.2±0.4	2.997	0.051		3.118	0.078
右下肢脂肪率（%）PRLLF	19.8±5.7	20.1±4.9	19.5±5.3	19.8±5.4	0.229	0.795		0.731	0.393
右下肢肌肉量（kg）RLLMM	8.1±1.4	8.1±1.3	7.6±1.3	8.0±1.4	3.137	0.045		4.751	0.030
左下肢脂肪率（%）PLLLF	19.5±5.0	21.0±8.1	19.4±5.1	19.9±6.1	2.136	0.120		1.290	0.257
左下肢肌肉量（kg）LLLMM	8.1±1.3	8.0±1.3	7.6±1.2	8.0±1.3	2.800	0.062		4.585	0.033
躯干脂肪率（%）PTF	17.8±6.9	21.4±7.0	24.0±7.4	20.1±7.4	19.103	0.000	ab	49.358	0.000
躯干肌肉量（kg）TMM	26.2±2.5	25.1±2.3	23.0±2.8	25.2±2.8	37.571	0.000	abc	69.794	0.000

变量Parameter	男性Male				方差分析 Variance analysis			回归分析 Regression
变量Parameter	20-岁组age group	45-岁组age group	60-75岁组 age group	合计 total	F	P	多重比较MC	F	P
体质量（kg）Weight	61.2±9.8	61.2±9.8	57.8±10.2	60.5±10.0	2.953	0.054		22.145	0.000
身高（mm）Height	1660.4±57.6	1641.1±57.1	1599.5±55.9	1642.4±61.4	25.180	0.000	abc	50.602	0.000
总体脂率（%）PBF	18.1±5.7	20.3±5.9	21.6±6.3	19.5±6.0	9.456	0.000	ab	26.435	0.000
总肌肉量（kg）TBMM	47.1±5.6	46.0±5.1	42.4±5.4	45.8±5.7	16.690	0.000	bc	28.107	0.000
推定骨量（kg）EBM	2.7±0.8	2.5±0.3	2.4±0.3	2.6±0.6	5.827	0.003	bc	14.346	0.000
BMI(kg/ m²)	22.2±3.3	22.8±3.4	22.2±4.2	22.4±3.5	0.970	0.380		0.977	0.324
热量（kcal）TEML	2155.7±360.2	2004.6±340.2	1856.4±316.3	2049.8±364.2	17.604	0.000	abc	35.766	0.000
生理年龄（岁）PA（a）	27.0±10.8	38.9±13.4	50.7±10.4	35.4±14.8	98.419	0.000	abc	284.229	0.000
水分率（%）PBW	55.3±4.7	54.8±4.8	54.7±6.2	55.0±5.1	0.491	0.613		1.578	0.210
内脏脂肪等级VFL	6.3±3.9	9.8±3.9	12.2±4.3	8.5±4.6	55.881	0.000	abc	150.909	0.000
右上肢脂肪率（%）PRULF	14.5±5.5	14.8±4.7	15.8±4.8	14.9±5.2	1.346	0.262		3.193	0.075
右上肢肌肉量（kg）RULMM	2.4±0.4	2.4±0.3	2.2±0.4	2.4±0.4	12.124	0.000	bc	17.216	0.000
左上肢脂肪率（%）PLULF	15.1±4.1	15.7±4.5	15.4±4.7	15.3±4.4	0.456	0.634		0.444	0.506
左上肢肌肉量（kg）LULMM	2.3±0.4	2.2±0.3	2.1±0.5	2.2±0.4	2.997	0.051		3.118	0.078
右下肢脂肪率（%）PRLLF	19.8±5.7	20.1±4.9	19.5±5.3	19.8±5.4	0.229	0.795		0.731	0.393
右下肢肌肉量（kg）RLLMM	8.1±1.4	8.1±1.3	7.6±1.3	8.0±1.4	3.137	0.045		4.751	0.030
左下肢脂肪率（%）PLLLF	19.5±5.0	21.0±8.1	19.4±5.1	19.9±6.1	2.136	0.120		1.290	0.257
左下肢肌肉量（kg）LLLMM	8.1±1.3	8.0±1.3	7.6±1.2	8.0±1.3	2.800	0.062		4.585	0.033
躯干脂肪率（%）PTF	17.8±6.9	21.4±7.0	24.0±7.4	20.1±7.4	19.103	0.000	ab	49.358	0.000
躯干肌肉量（kg）TMM	26.2±2.5	25.1±2.3	23.0±2.8	25.2±2.8	37.571	0.000	abc	69.794	0.000

变量Parameter	女性Female				方差Variance			回归Regression		u-test
变量Parameter	20-	45-	60-75	合计total	F	P	MC	F	P	u-test
体质量Weight(kg)	52.1±9.0	56.0±9.5	49.7±8.3	52.9±9.3	9.673	0.000	ac	0.520	0.471	9.70**
身高Height(mm)	1547.4±51.9	1532.9±53.2	1481.7±63.2	1530.2±59.6	30.461	0.000	bc	65.680	0.000	22.85**
总体脂率PBF(%)	29.4±6.5	33.8±6.1	31.1±8.4	31.2±7.0	12.705	0.000	a	19.138	0.000	22.08**
总肌肉量TBMM (kg)	34.3±3.8	34.6±3.4	32.0±3.7	34.0±3.8	10.011	0.000	bc	7.388	0.007	0.09**
推定骨量EBM(kg)	2.0±0.3	2.2±1.7	1.8±0.3	2.0±1.0	3.213	0.042	b	0.040	0.842	8.93**
BMI(kg/ m²)	21.8±3.4	23.8±3.5	22.6±3.7	22.6±3.6	9.942	0.000	a	18.456	0.000	0.69
热量TEML（kcal）	1686.5±249.8	1654.3±220.2	1476.0±190.8	1636.0±242.7	17.689	0.000	bc	26.005	0.000	16.52**
生理年龄（岁）PA（a）	32.2±13.5	47.8±13.1	51.4±12.3	40.9±15.7	65.680	0.000	ab	203.718	0.000	4.44**
水分率PBW(%)	49.6±4.0	48.0±3.9	50.5±5.9	49.3±4.4	6.942	0.001	ac	0.458	0.499	14.76**
内脏脂肪等级VFL	3.9±2.3	6.4±2.0	6.4±2.4	5.2±2.6	45.506	0.000	ab	120.855	0.000	10.92**
右上肢脂肪率PRULF(%)	25.7±7.1	29.9±7.2	25.9±9.5	27.1±7.8	10.318	0.000	ac	5.955	0.015	22.61**
右上肢肌肉量RULMM(kg)	1.6±0.3	1.9±1.8	1.6±0.3	1.7±1.0	2.120	0.122		0.871	0.352	11.26**
左上肢脂肪率（%）PLULF	27.6±6.8	31.3±6.8	27.6±9.6	28.8±7.6	8.823	0.000	ac	6.186	0.013	26.68**
左上肢肌肉量LULMM(kg)	1.5±0.3	1.6±0.3	1.8±2.5	1.6±1.1	1.402	0.248	a	1.868	0.173	8.88**
右下肢脂肪率PRLLF(%)	32.5±5.2	35.7±4.2	33.1±6.4	33.6±5.3	11.807	0.000	ac	12.721	0.000	31.77**
右下肢肌肉量RLLMM(kg)	5.8±0.9	5.8±0.6	5.5±0.7	5.7±0.8	3.965	0.020	bc	2.409	0.122	24.94**
左下肢脂肪率PLLLF(%)	32.6±4.7	35.5±3.9	33.0±6.5	33.6±5.0	11.668	0.000	ac	12.593	0.000	30.30**
左下肢肌肉量LLLMM(kg)	5.7±0.7	5.7±0.7	5.4±0.6	5.7±0.7	5.097	0.007	bc	5.583	0.019	27.25**
躯干脂肪率PTF(%)	27.9±8.0	33.3±7.3	29.9±10.7	30.0±8.7	13.065	0.000	ac	19.829	0.000	15.08**
躯干肌肉量TMM(kg)	19.7±2.1	19.6±3.2	18.5±3.1	19.5±2.8	4.665	0.010	b	6.540	0.011	25.07**

变量Parameter	女性Female				方差Variance			回归Regression		u-test
变量Parameter	20-	45-	60-75	合计total	F	P	MC	F	P	u-test
体质量Weight(kg)	52.1±9.0	56.0±9.5	49.7±8.3	52.9±9.3	9.673	0.000	ac	0.520	0.471	9.70**
身高Height(mm)	1547.4±51.9	1532.9±53.2	1481.7±63.2	1530.2±59.6	30.461	0.000	bc	65.680	0.000	22.85**
总体脂率PBF(%)	29.4±6.5	33.8±6.1	31.1±8.4	31.2±7.0	12.705	0.000	a	19.138	0.000	22.08**
总肌肉量TBMM (kg)	34.3±3.8	34.6±3.4	32.0±3.7	34.0±3.8	10.011	0.000	bc	7.388	0.007	0.09**
推定骨量EBM(kg)	2.0±0.3	2.2±1.7	1.8±0.3	2.0±1.0	3.213	0.042	b	0.040	0.842	8.93**
BMI(kg/ m²)	21.8±3.4	23.8±3.5	22.6±3.7	22.6±3.6	9.942	0.000	a	18.456	0.000	0.69
热量TEML（kcal）	1686.5±249.8	1654.3±220.2	1476.0±190.8	1636.0±242.7	17.689	0.000	bc	26.005	0.000	16.52**
生理年龄（岁）PA（a）	32.2±13.5	47.8±13.1	51.4±12.3	40.9±15.7	65.680	0.000	ab	203.718	0.000	4.44**
水分率PBW(%)	49.6±4.0	48.0±3.9	50.5±5.9	49.3±4.4	6.942	0.001	ac	0.458	0.499	14.76**
内脏脂肪等级VFL	3.9±2.3	6.4±2.0	6.4±2.4	5.2±2.6	45.506	0.000	ab	120.855	0.000	10.92**
右上肢脂肪率PRULF(%)	25.7±7.1	29.9±7.2	25.9±9.5	27.1±7.8	10.318	0.000	ac	5.955	0.015	22.61**
右上肢肌肉量RULMM(kg)	1.6±0.3	1.9±1.8	1.6±0.3	1.7±1.0	2.120	0.122		0.871	0.352	11.26**
左上肢脂肪率（%）PLULF	27.6±6.8	31.3±6.8	27.6±9.6	28.8±7.6	8.823	0.000	ac	6.186	0.013	26.68**
左上肢肌肉量LULMM(kg)	1.5±0.3	1.6±0.3	1.8±2.5	1.6±1.1	1.402	0.248	a	1.868	0.173	8.88**
右下肢脂肪率PRLLF(%)	32.5±5.2	35.7±4.2	33.1±6.4	33.6±5.3	11.807	0.000	ac	12.721	0.000	31.77**
右下肢肌肉量RLLMM(kg)	5.8±0.9	5.8±0.6	5.5±0.7	5.7±0.8	3.965	0.020	bc	2.409	0.122	24.94**
左下肢脂肪率PLLLF(%)	32.6±4.7	35.5±3.9	33.0±6.5	33.6±5.0	11.668	0.000	ac	12.593	0.000	30.30**
左下肢肌肉量LLLMM(kg)	5.7±0.7	5.7±0.7	5.4±0.6	5.7±0.7	5.097	0.007	bc	5.583	0.019	27.25**
躯干脂肪率PTF(%)	27.9±8.0	33.3±7.3	29.9±10.7	30.0±8.7	13.065	0.000	ac	19.829	0.000	15.08**
躯干肌肉量TMM(kg)	19.7±2.1	19.6±3.2	18.5±3.1	19.5±2.8	4.665	0.010	b	6.540	0.011	25.07**

变量Parameter	类型Type	男Male（308例）		女Female（299）		合计Total（607）
变量Parameter	类型Type	n	%	n	%	n	%
上眼睑皱褶Eyefold of the upper eyelid	无no	26	8.4	30	10.0	56	9.2
上眼睑皱褶Eyefold of the upper eyelid	有yes	282	91.6	269	90.0	551	90.8
蒙古褶Mongoloid fold	无no	194	63.0	181	60.5	375	61.8
蒙古褶Mongoloid fold	有yes	114	37.0	118	39.5	232	38.2
眼裂高度Opening height of eyeslits	狭窄narrow	139	45.1	110	36.8	249	41.0
	中等middle	147	47.7	155	51.8	302	49.8
	较宽wide	22	7.1	34	11.4	56	9.2
眼裂倾斜度Direction of eyeslits	内角高internal angle	1	0.3	0	0.0	1	0.2
	水平middle	67	21.8	52	17.4	119	19.6
	外角高external angle	240	77.9	247	82.6	487	80.2
鼻根高度Nasal root height	低平low	15	4.9	58	19.4	73	12.0
	中等middle	277	89.9	238	79.6	515	84.8
	较高high	16	5.2	3	1.0	19	3.1
鼻背侧面观Nasal profile	凹concave	32	10.4	109	36.5	141	23.2
	直straight	269	87.3	189	63.2	458	75.5
	凸protruding	7	2.3	1	0.3	8	1.3
颧部突出度Zygomatic projection	扁平projecting	124	40.3	176	58.9	300	49.4
	中等middle	60	19.5	66	22.1	126	20.8
	微弱tiny	124	40.3	57	19.1	181	29.8
鼻基部Nasal base	下垂prolapse	11	3.6	6	2.0	17	2.8
	水平level	182	59.1	134	44.8	316	52.1
	上翘upturned	115	37.3	159	53.2	274	45.1
鼻翼高度Hight of Nasal base	低low	23	7.5	49	16.4	72	11.9
	中等middle	230	74.7	203	67.9	433	71.3
	高high	55	17.9	47	15.7	102	16.8
鼻孔最大径Maximal diameter of nostrils	横transverse	128	41.6	169	56.5	297	48.9
	斜oblique	167	54.2	125	41.8	292	48.1
	纵vertical	13	4.2	5	1.7	18	3.0
鼻翼宽Breadth of alae nasi	狭窄narrow	82	26.6	27	9.0	109	18.0
	中等middle	163	52.9	164	54.8	327	53.9
	较宽wide	63	20.5	108	36.1	171	28.2
耳垂Lobe types	三角形triangle	21	6.8	127	42.5	148	24.4
	方形square	91	29.5	23	7.7	114	18.8
	圆形round	196	63.6	149	49.8	345	56.8
上唇皮肤部高度Upper lip skin height	低low	12	3.9	123	41.1	135	22.2
	中middle	248	80.5	169	56.5	417	68.7
	高high	48	15.6	7	2.3	55	9.1
红唇厚度Thickness of lips	薄唇thin	105	34.1	93	31.1	198	32.6
	中等middle	168	54.5	193	64.5	361	59.5
	厚唇thick	35	11.4	13	4.3	48	7.9
眼色Eye color	黑褐色black brown	118	38.3	130	43.5	248	40.9
	褐色brown	175	56.8	160	53.5	335	55.2
	浅褐色shallow	15	4.9	9	3.0	24	4.0