广西吹风洞早更新世动物群的埋藏学

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0033

人类学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (03): 514-528.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0033cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0033

广西吹风洞早更新世动物群的埋藏学

姚艳燕¹^,²^,³(), 黄胜敏³, 廖卫¹, 李金燕⁴, 张一景¹, 莫进尤⁵, 王伟¹()

1.山东大学文化遗产研究院，青岛 266237
2.广西民族博物馆，南宁 530028
3.南宁师范大学，南宁 530001
4.田东县博物馆，田东 531599
5.广西自然博物馆，南宁 530012

收稿日期:2024-12-19 修回日期:2025-03-11 出版日期:2025-06-15 发布日期:2025-06-15
通讯作者: 王伟，教授，主要从事史前考古及相关研究。E-mail: wangw@sdu.edu.cn
作者简介:姚艳燕，副研究馆员，主要研究华南地区洞穴化石埋藏学、第四纪哺乳动物群。E-mail: yaoyanyan@amgx.org
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助(42402008);广西自然科学基金资助(2024GXNSFBA010310);国家自然科学基金资助(42472007);国家自然科学基金资助(41572023);国家自然科学基金资助(42202004);国家社科基金重大项目资助(20&ZD246)

A taphonomic study of early Pleistocene mammalian assemblages from the Chuifeng Cave site in South China

YAO Yanyan¹^,²^,³(), HUANG Shengmin³, LIAO Wei¹, LI Jinyan⁴, ZHANG Yijing¹, MO Jinyou⁵, WANG Wei¹()

1. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237
2. Anthropology Museum of Guangxi, Nanning 530028
3. Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001
4. Museum of Tiandong County, Tiandong 531599
5. Natural History Museum of Guangxi, Nanning 530012

Received:2024-12-19 Revised:2025-03-11 Online:2025-06-15 Published:2025-06-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

长期以来，我们对华南地区洞穴化石的来源、埋藏过程及其性质知之甚少，限制了对该区域不同时期动物群埋藏学的深入了解。本研究对广西布兵盆地早更新世吹风洞遗址（约1.9 MaBP）出土的近千枚哺乳动物牙齿和碎骨化石的埋藏学特征进行了详细分析，通过对优势种群的牙齿磨耗程度鉴定死亡年龄，根据种群死亡年龄的分布分析其死亡原因。结果显示，犀牛的死亡模式为磨耗型，偏向于自然死亡的模式；鹿类动物和猪属动物的死亡模式为壮年居优型，这些死亡类型极有可能是不同食肉动物对不同体型猎物的选择以及自然死亡等多种因素叠加造成的结果。从吹风洞化石的表面痕迹发现，碎骨表面存在食肉动物的咬痕和大量豪猪咬痕，以及牙齿化石不同程度的风化和磨圆痕迹，表明食肉动物和豪猪的搬运是吹风洞遗址化石积累的主要原因。吹风洞遗址动物群的埋藏学研究为探索华南地区第四纪洞穴化石堆积的来源、沉积过程及其形成机制提供了科学依据。

关键词: 最小个体数, 死亡年龄结构, 化石表面痕迹, 吹风洞, 哺乳动物群

Abstract:

Caves in South China yield abundant and well-preserved vertebrate fossils, which provide a significant foundation for the study of Quaternary biostratigraphy, species evolution, and palaeoecology. These fossils offer crucial insights into the exploration of human evolution and activities. However, the origin, burial processes, and characteristics of cave fossils in South China have not been sufficiently explored. This insufficiency impedes a comprehensive understanding of the taphonomic processes of fauna assemblages across different temporal periods in the region.

This study presents a detailed analysis of the burial characteristics of nearly 1,000 fossil mammalian teeth and fragmented bones unearthed from the Early Pleistocene Chuifeng Cave site (ca. 1.9 MaBP) in the Bubing Basin, Guangxi. The age-at-death was determined by the degree of tooth abrasion of the dominant populations, and the causes of death were analyzed based on the mortality patterns of the species.

The mortality profile of rhinos shows an attritional pattern, with fewer sub-adults. This is likely the result of both natural mortality and predation. In addition, the mortality profiles of cervids and suids exhibit a prime-dominated structure, which is usually associated with human hunting. However, since no human fossils have been found at the Chuifeng Cave site and no remains of human activities from this period have been found in the Bubing Basin, it is possible that the mortality profiles of these species are the result of a combination of factors.

The gnawing marks on the surface of the fossils suggest that the death of the dominant population could have been due to predation or natural death. The gnawing marks could have been caused either by a predator’s (e.g., hyena) consumption or handling or by porcupines collecting bones. The varying degrees of rounding and weathering marks on the surface of the fossils indicate that the accumulation of faunal bones was not a one-off burial following a disaster. This further demonstrates that the phenomenon may have been a relatively slow burial process resulting from natural death or predation by carnivores.

The present case-study of the taphonomy of Chuifeng Cave provides an important reference for re-conceptualizing the origin and accumulation process of fossils from caves in South China. Admittedly, there are numerous fossil-producing caves in South China, with diverse accumulation conditions and complex causes. Further in-depth studies are needed to comprehensively reveal the burial characteristics of South China’s caves and to lay an important foundation for paleoanthropological research.

Key words: MNI, Mortality pattern, Fossil surface traces, Chuifeng Cave site, Mammal assemblages

中图分类号:

K878

姚艳燕, 黄胜敏, 廖卫, 李金燕, 张一景, 莫进尤, 王伟. 广西吹风洞早更新世动物群的埋藏学[J]. 人类学学报, 2025, 44(03): 514-528.

YAO Yanyan, HUANG Shengmin, LIAO Wei, LI Jinyan, ZHANG Yijing, MO Jinyou, WANG Wei. A taphonomic study of early Pleistocene mammalian assemblages from the Chuifeng Cave site in South China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2025, 44(03): 514-528.

图/表 8

表1 吹风洞优势种属牙齿磨耗等级统计表(1)

Tab.1 Statistical table of tooth wear grade for dominant species from the Chuifeng Cave (1)

种属Species	磨耗Worn	P2	P3	P4	M1	M2	M3	p2	p3	p4	m1	m2	m3
赤麂Muntiacus muntjak	W₀	b1R
	W₁	b2R, b1L	b1R, b2L	b1R	b1R	b1L, b2R	b3L	b1R, b2L	b1L	b1L		a2L, b2L, a1R, b2R	b1R, b2L
	W₂	c2R, c1l	c1R, c2L		b1R	c5L, c2R	c2L	c1R, b1L, c1L		c1L	b1L	c2L,c1R	c2R, c1L
	W₃	d2L	d2R	d2R	c2R	d1L, d3R		d2R			c2L, c1R	d1R
水鹿Cervus unicolor	W₀	b1R				a1L				b1R		a2R	b1R
	W₁					b5L, b2R	b1L, b1R	b1R	b2R	b1L		a1L, b3L, a1R	b2L, b1R
	W₂		c1L, c1R	c1L, c1R	b1L, c2L, b3R	c3L, c1R			c1R	b1L, c1R		c3R	c2R
	W₃		d1L, d2R	d1L	c3L, c3R	d1R		d1R	d1L		c1L, c1R		d2L
云南水鹿Cervus yunnanensis	W₀
	W₁						b1L, b2R	b3L, b2R		b1L, b2R	b1L	b1L, b3R	b4L
	W₂			c1R		c2L, c1R		c1R	c3L, c2R	b2R	c2L, b3R	c1L, c1R	c1L
	W₃		d1L, d1R	d1L, d2R	c2L, c2R	d2L, d1R				d1R	c1R	d2R
凤歧鹿Cervus fenqii	W₀									b1R
	W₁		b1R	b1L, b1R	b1R	b5L, b4R	b1L, b1R	b3L	b1L, b2R	b1R		b2R	b1R
	W₂		c1L, c1R	c1L		c1R			c1L, c1R	c3L
	W₃					d1R			d2L	c1L, c1R, d1R	c3L, c2R
裴氏猪 Sus peii	W₀					b1L, b2R	c2L, c3R					b1R	c4L,c1R
	W₁					c4L, c1R	c2L, c1R, d2L, d1R				b1R	c5L, c2R	c2L, c6R, d1R
	W₂				c1L, c1R	c1R, d5L, d1R	d3L, d1R				c4L,c7R	d2L,d1R	d1L
	W₃				d1L, d1R	d1R					d1R
犀牛恒齿Permanent teeth of Rhino	W₀			b1R
	W₁				b1R	b1L
	W₂		b1R		b1L	c1L			c1R			c2R	c1L, d1R
	W₃							c1L		c1L, c1R	d2R

图1 吹风洞水鹿牙齿化石磨耗等级上颌齿maxillary teeth：1.未磨耗unworn，NO.009767，RP2；2.中度磨耗medium wear，NO.009730，LP4；3.重度磨耗heavy wear，NO.009660，RP3；4.重度磨耗heavy wear，NO.009685，RM1；5.未磨耗unworn，NO.009758，LM2；6.轻度磨耗light wear，NO.009708，LM3；7.中度磨耗medium wear，NO.009721，RM1。1a~7a.唇侧labial side；1b~7b.舌侧lingual side。下颌齿mandibular teeth：8.未磨耗unworn，NO.009640，rp4；9.轻度磨耗light wear，NO.009652，rp3；10.中度磨耗medium wear，NO.009612，lp4；11.重度磨耗heavy wear，NO.009702，lp3；12.未磨耗unworn，009593，rm3；13.轻度磨耗light wear，NO.009797，lm2；14.中度磨耗medium wear，NO.009602，rm2；15.重度磨耗heavy wear，NO.009700，lm3。8a~15a.舌侧lingual side；8b~15b.唇侧labial side。

Fig.1 Wear grade of mandibular tooth fossils of Cervus unicolor in the Chuifeng Cave

图2 吹风洞裴氏猪牙齿化石磨耗等级 1.未磨耗unworn，NO.009573，lp4；2.轻度磨耗light wear，NO.009706，rp4；3.中度磨耗medium wear，NO.009504，rp4；4.重度磨耗heavy wear，NO.009687，lp4；5.未磨耗unworn，NO.009390，rm2；6.未磨耗unworn，NO.009434，lm3；7.轻度磨耗，NO.009351，rm1；8.轻度磨耗，NO.009414，lm2；9.轻度磨耗light wear，NO.009332，rm3；10.中度磨耗medium wear，NO.009346，rm1；11.中度磨耗medium wear，NO.009470，lm3；12.中度磨耗medium wear，NO.009420，lm2；13.重度磨耗heavy wear，NO.009340，RM2；14.重度磨耗heavy wear，NO.009406，RM1；15.重度磨耗heavy wear，NO.009394，LM1；16.轻度磨耗light wear，NO.CF111，ldp4；17.中度磨耗medium wear，NO.CF113，rdp4；18.中-重度磨耗medium/heavy wear，NO.CF112，rdp4。1a~4a. 舌侧lingual side；1b~4b. 唇侧labial side。

Fig.2 Wear grade of tooth fossils of Sus peii in the Chuifeng Cave

表2 吹风洞优势种属牙齿磨耗等级统计表(2)

Tab.2 Statistical table of tooth wear grade for dominant species from the Chuifeng Cave (2)

种属Species	磨耗Worn	DP2	DP3	dp1	dp2	dp3	dp4
犀牛乳齿 Deciduous teeth of Rhinoceros fusuiensis	W₀			a1R, a1L	a2L
	W₁	a1R	a1R		a1R, a1L	a1R	a1L
	W₂					b1L
	W₃		b1R			b1R

图3 吹风洞犀牛牙齿化石磨耗等级 1.未磨耗unworn，NO.009476，RP4；2.轻度磨耗light wear，NO.009445，LM2；3.中度磨耗medium wear，NO.009457，LM2；4.中-重度磨耗medium/heavy wear，NO.009468，RDP3；5.未磨耗unworn，NO.009642，ldp2；6.轻度磨耗light wear，NO.009454，ldp4；7.中度磨耗medium wear，NO.009472，rp4；8.重度磨耗heavy wear，NO.009456，rm1。5a~8a. 舌侧lingual side；5b~8b. 唇侧labial side

Fig.3 Wear grade of tooth fossils of Rhinoceros fusuiensis in the Chuifeng Cave

图4 吹风洞优势种属死亡年龄结构图 1.死亡年龄结构折线图（四个年龄组）Line graph of age structure of deaths (four age groups)；2. 死亡年龄结构三元坐标图（三个年龄组）Ternary coordinate chart of age structure of deaths (three age groups)。

Fig.4 Age structure graph of dominant species in the Chuifeng Cave

图5 豪猪的啃咬痕迹 1. 009334，裴氏猪Sus peii，rp4；2. CF90，赤麂Muntiacus muntjak，rm3；3. CF22，赤麂Muntiacus muntjak，lp2；4. CF57，赤麂Muntiacus muntjak，LM2；5. CF176，帚尾豪猪Atherurus sp.，RI1；6. CF167，华南豪猪Hystrix Subcristata，RI1；7. CF158，硕豪猪Hystrix magna，RI1；8. 009693，水鹿Cervus unicolor，LM2；9. 009568，凤歧鹿Cervus fenqii，lp3，lp4，lm1；10. 009372，裴氏猪Sus peii，LM3；11. 009700，水鹿Cervus unicolor，lm3；12. 009475，扶绥犀Rhinoceros fusuiensis，rm3

Fig.5 Gnaw marks of the Hystrix sp.

图6 吹风洞化石表面痕迹分类 1a~1b, 4.豪猪咬痕与食肉动物咬痕porcupine and carnivore gnaw marks；2.食肉动物咬痕carnivore gnaw marks；3, 5.豪猪咬痕porcupine gnaw marks；6.轻度风化light weathering，009504，裴氏猪Sus peii，RP4;7.中度风化medium weathering，009325，裴氏猪Sus peii，RM3; 8.重度风化heavy weathering，009602，水鹿Cervus unicolor，rm2；9.轻度磨圆light rounding，009754，裴氏猪Sus peii，lp4; 10.中度磨圆medium rounding，CF346，裴氏猪Sus peii，lp4;11.重度磨圆heavy rounding，009331，裴氏猪Sus peii，rm2

Fig.6 Classification of fossil surface traces from the Chuifeng Cave

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广西吹风洞早更新世动物群的埋藏学

A taphonomic study of early Pleistocene mammalian assemblages from the Chuifeng Cave site in South China

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