旧石器时代考古中出土的赭石及相关遗物的研究方法

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0061

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

赭石是考古发现中一类较为常见的矿物颜料。遗址中的矿物颜料研究对于解读中更新世以来人类行为的演化与发展以及人群的迁徙和交流互动具有重要意义。目前，我国出土和被识别的赭石相关考古发现日益增多，但研究程度还有待深入，旧石器时代考古发现中相关材料的识别和解读较为有限。如何综合利用多学科测试分析方法建立起完善的研究方案，深度挖掘赭石颜料利用所指示的人类行为发展模式和民族学意义，还需要我们进行系统性地总结和思考。因此，本文通过梳理现有的考古学、地球物理、地球化学和民族学等各领域的国内外研究成果，归纳了旧石器时代考古遗址中出土的赭石及相关遗物的主要研究内容——成分定性、产地溯源和加工技术分析，以及各自适用的分析方法。综合多项研究案例，我们认为在性质、产地和技术分析的基础上，需要结合民族学方法、生态环境背景才能更有效地解读和复原史前人类的行为模式及社会学、民族学意义。

关键词: 旧石器时代, 赭石, 理化分析, 人类学

Abstract:

Ochre is one of the most common mineral pigments in archaeological studies. The current archaeological evidence suggests that the use of ochre became more common since 100 ka years ago, which was important for human adaptation to the more drastic environmental changes and the continuous interaction of social culture network. Recently, more and more archaeological remains related to ochre-using have been unearthed and identified in China, however, the research work needs to be further developed. Therefore, how to make comprehensive use of various test schemes to deeply explore the development pattern and ethnological significance of human behavior indicated by the ochre pigment needs us to make a systematic summary. In this paper, referring to the international studies in the fields of archaeology, geophysics and chemistry, ethnology and so on, we concluded the main parts of paleolithic age archaeological ochre analysis asthe qualitative chemical composition, analysis of provenance, and operational technology. The multidisciplinary comprehensive analysis on archaeological remains of ochre using is a potential research field, hitherto, the examples of domestic ochre using is still limited.

Key words: Paleolithic, Ochre, Physicochemical analysis, Anthropology

中图分类号:

Q987

许竞文, 浣发祥, 杨石霞. 旧石器时代考古中出土的赭石及相关遗物的研究方法[J]. 人类学学报, 2024, 43(02): 331-343.

XU Jingwen, HUAN Faxiang, YANG Shixia. Analysis methods on Paleolithic age archaeological remains of ochre using[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2024, 43(02): 331-343.

图/表 5

图1 遗址中所应用的各种赭石成分分析(a)、产源分析(b)方法类型统计 Raman—拉曼光谱Raman spectrum；XRD—X射线衍射X-ray diffraction；IR—红外光谱infrared spectroscopy；PLM—偏光显微镜polarized light microscopy；TEM—透射电子显微镜transmission electron microscope；UV-Vis—紫外-可见分光光度法ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry；XANES—X射线吸收近边结构光谱X-ray absorption near edge spectrum；SEM-EDS—扫描电镜能谱分析scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy；XRF—X射线荧光光谱分析X-ray fluorescence；ICP-MS/ ICP-OES—电感耦合等离子体质谱inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry/ inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer； NAA—中子活化分析neutron activation analysis；EPMA—电子探针显微分析electro-probe micro-analysis；PIXE—质子激发X荧光光谱分析法particle induced X-ray emission；LA-ICPMS—激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱仪laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass；AAS—原子吸收光谱；LIBS—激光诱导击穿光谱仪；Rock Magnetism—岩石磁学

Fig.1 Statistical analysis of the methods of ochre physicochemical analysis(a), provenance analysis(b) applied in the sites

图2 在Dalakngalarr 1遗址上所采集的颜料碎屑样品及其测试分析谱图用于Dalakngalarr 1岩画上黄色颜料(A)、红色颜料(B)和紫色颜料(C)的扫描电镜能谱分析(A1, B1，C1)与拉曼光谱分析(A2，B2, C2)，修改自文献 [63] 。SEM-EDS (A1, B1, C1) and Raman (A2, B2, C2) spectroscopy used on yellow pigments (A), red pigments (B) and purple pigments (C) of rock art at the Dalakngalarr 1 site(see details in reference [63])

Fig.2 Samples of pigment fragments collected at the Dalakngalarr 1 site

图3 遗址中的赭石使用功能分析的方法类型统计 OM—光学显微镜optical microscope；SEM—电子显微镜scanning electron microscope；μ-Raman—微区拉曼光谱micro-Raman spectrum；SEM-EDS—扫描电镜能谱分析scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy；XRF—X射线荧光光谱分析X-ray fluorescence；XRD—X射线衍射X-ray diffraction；GC-MS—气相色谱-质谱联用仪gas chromatography-mass spectrometry；IR—红外光谱infrared spectroscopy；Rock Magnetism—岩石磁学；UV-Vis—紫外-可见分光光度法ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry；PIXE—质子激发X荧光光谱分析法particle induced X-ray emission；LA-ICPMS—激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱仪laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass Spectrum；XANES—X射线吸收近边结构分析X-ray absorption near edge spectrum；TEM—透射式电子显微镜transmission electron microscope

Fig.3 Statistical analysis of the methods of ochre physicochemical analysis(a), provenance analysis(b) applied in the sites

图4 北京周口店山顶洞遗址中穿孔獾齿的微痕观察

Fig.4 Use-wear of a perforated badger tooth on the Zhoukoudian Upper Cave[8]

图5 考古出土赭石及相关遗物的研究方向与方法

Fig.5 The research content and research methodologyof materials related to ochre in archaeological sites

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