山西吕梁后石墓地牙齿和骨骼的稳定同位素

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0110

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文以山西省吕梁市离石区后石墓地人和动物骨骼为主要研究对象，通过碳、氮、锶稳定同位素分析方法揭示吕梁地区东周时期先民的食物结构与人群迁徙情况，进而尝试探讨民族融合等问题。为了更好地确定锶同位素本地范围，本研究还选取了附近信义遗址的少量动物牙齿样品进行了锶同位素分析。文献与墓葬资料表明，吕梁地区可能存在晋文化、秦文化、戎狄等多种文化因素。人与动物骨骼碳氮稳定同位素分析结果显示，后石墓地先民以C₄类食物为主，也摄入一定的肉食资源，但整体上是典型的农耕文明。利用后石墓地先民及信义遗址动物牙釉质锶同位素比值推测后石墓地至少存在4个外来个体。多同位素分析的结果证实该地可能发生了相应的民族融合。

关键词: 稳定同位素, 锶同位素, 东周, 人口迁徙, 民族融合

Abstract:

The Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 BC—256 BC) was an era of convergence and integration. During this period, frequent population movements, ethnic integration, and changes in subsistence patterns took place. Investigating the subsistence practices and potential population migrations in the Eastern Zhou can offer valuable perspectives on the process of ethnic group integrations and the formation of the Chinese nation at that time.

The Lyuliang area in Shanxi Province is located in the core of the Loess Plateau and serves as a geographical and cultural link between the northern pastoral nomads and the Central Plains. By analyzing the human and animal bones unearthed from the Houshi cemetery in the Lishi district of the Lyuliang region, Shanxi Province, this study aims to reconstruct the diet of the Houshi population and identify potential immigrants during the Eastern Zhou period using stable carbon, nitrogen, and strontium isotope analysis. Additionally, a small number of animal tooth samples from the nearby Xinyi site were analyzed to establish a more precise local range of strontium isotope ratios.

Historical documents and burial analyses indicate that cultural factors from the Jin culture, Qin culture, Rong Di, and others were present in the Lyuliang region. The objective is to explore the extent of ethnic integration during that era. The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis results of human and animal bones reveal that the diet of the Houshi population mainly consisted of C₄ plants, supplemented by some meat, suggesting an economy mainly based on farming. It was found that among the individuals with special burial customs, some had a diet somewhat different from that of most individuals in the cemetery. However, there were also some with special burial customs whose diet was consistent with the majority. These individuals might only maintain the burial customs of their original culture while having adapted to the local lifestyle in terms of diet. These individuals may include ethnic minorities such as Rong, Di, and the Qin people who migrated here during the late Warring States period due to the eastward expansion of the Qin state.

Based on the strontium isotope ratios of tooth enamel from the Houshi population and associated fauna from both the Houshi and Xinyi sites, it is inferred that at least four immigrants were present in the Houshi cemetery. Due to the diverse geological background in the vicinity, the local range of the Houshi population is large, and some immigrants from other regions might have been overlooked. In the future, additional lines of evidence are required to fully understand the population composition of the Houshi. The results of multi - isotope analysis confirm that there was likely a certain degree of ethnic integration.

Key words: stable isotopes, strontium isotope analysis, Eastern Zhou, migration, ethnic integration

中图分类号:

K878.05/O615.2

王欣, 赵辉, 白彩霞, 李怡晓, 董豫. 山西吕梁后石墓地牙齿和骨骼的稳定同位素[J]. 人类学学报, 2026, 45(01): 88-100.

WANG Xin, ZHAO Hui, BAI Caixia, LI Yixiao, DONG Yu. Stable isotopes of teeth and bones from the Houshi cemetery in Lyuliang, Shanxi[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2026, 45(01): 88-100.

图/表 8

图1 山西省吕梁市离石区后石墓地墓葬分布图改绘自文献[26] / Modified from [26]

Fig.1 The distribution of burials at the Houshi cemetery, Lishi district, Lyuliang City, Shanxi Province

图2 后石墓地墓葬平面图 a. M35，屈肢葬flexed position；b. M18，侧身屈肢flexed on the side，改绘自文献[26] / Modified form [26]；c. M25，侧身屈肢flexed on the side；d. M8，仰身屈肢flexed supine position；e. M26，侧身直肢extended on the side

Fig.2 Plane view of burials of Houshi cemetery

图3 后石墓地东周时期先民与动物骨骼的碳氮同位素值散点图

Fig.3 Scatter plot of carbon and nitrogen isotope values of the Houshi population and associated faunal remains during the Eastern Zhou

表1 后石墓地先民的碳、氮同位素值比较

Tab.1 Comparison of carbon and nitrogen isotope values of different groups at Houshi cemetery

组别Group		数量n	δ¹³C($\bar{X} \pm \sigma$)	δ¹⁵N ($\bar{X} \pm \sigma$)
性别Sex	男Male	17	-8.4‰±0.5‰	8.5‰±0.8‰
	女Female	13	-9.0‰±1.0‰	8.7‰±1.1‰
	检验结果Result		p=0.022	p=0.933
头向Orientation	向北To North	16	-8.6‰±0.8‰	8.7‰±0.9‰
	向东To East	10	-8.7‰±0.7‰	8.5‰±0.7‰
	向西To West	3	-9.1‰±0.8‰	7.9‰±0.8‰
	向南To South	3	-8.8‰±0.8‰	9.5‰±0.9‰
	检验结果Result		p=0.819	p=0.304

图4 后石墓地东周先民的碳氮同位素值散点图椭圆表示95%的置信区间/ with 95% confidence ellipse

Fig.4 Scatter plot of carbon and nitrogen isotope values of the Houshi population during the Eastern Zhou

图5 后石墓地与临近区域同时期其他遗址的先民碳氮同位素值误差棒图

Fig.5 Error bar plot of carbon and nitrogen isotope values of Houshi population and other contemporary populations in nearby regions

图6 后石墓地先民与动物牙釉质锶同位素比值垂线图注：虚线Dashed line—根据猪狗牙釉质锶同位素值确定的本地范围local range, defined by strontium isotope values of pigs and dogs；实线Solid line—根据人牙釉质锶同位素值确定的本地范围 local range, defined by strontium isotope values of humans

Fig.6 Drop line plot of strontium isotope ratio of tooth enamel of Houshi humans and animals

图7 后石墓地与周边遗址锶同位素比值本地范围的误差棒图基于家养动物牙釉质锶同位素值

Fig.7 The local range and error bar plot of strontium isotope ratios of Houshi cemetery and surrounding sites Defined by strontium isotope values of domestic animal tooth enamel

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