人类学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (01): 97-108.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2018.0040cstr: 32091.14.j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2018.0040
收稿日期:
2017-06-01
修回日期:
2018-04-19
出版日期:
2021-02-15
发布日期:
2021-02-25
通讯作者:
张鹏
作者简介:
张茹帆(1996-),女,中山大学生命科学学院研究生,主要从事动物学研究。
基金资助:
ZHANG Rufan1, WU Chengfeng2, CHEN Tao1, ZHANG Jie3, ZHANG Peng()
Received:
2017-06-01
Revised:
2018-04-19
Online:
2021-02-15
Published:
2021-02-25
Contact:
ZHANG Peng
摘要:
本文通过测量猕猴海南亚种(Macaca mulatta brevicaudus)的形态学指标,讨论了该亚种的形态特点及其适应性意义。于2015年7-8月在海南省陵水县猕猴自然保护区对8个群的猕猴进行了形态学指标测量,共测得253只个体的体质量,132只个体的头长、顶臀长、尾长、前脚掌长、后脚掌长、前臂长、后臂长、大腿长、小腿长等体长数据。研究结果发现:1)猕猴海南亚种的体型明显小于位于更高纬度地区的川西亚种、福建亚种和指名亚种,也小于相近纬度的大陆猕猴,结果支持贝格曼法则和岛屿法则。2)猕猴海南亚种雄性的生长速度大于雌性,且前者体型显著大于后者。3)群大小对群内个体的体型无显著影响,无显著群间竞争。4)个体的体质量、头长、顶臀长随等级增加而增加,但是尾长、臂长、腿长和脚掌长与等级无显著相关关系。本文为探讨猕猴属的形态演化提供基础资料,同时也为濒危灵长类保护和管理提供科学依据。
中图分类号:
张茹帆, 伍乘风, 陈涛, 张杰, 张鹏. 海南猕猴的形态学特征及其适应性[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(01): 97-108.
ZHANG Rufan, WU Chengfeng, CHEN Tao, ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Peng. Morphological Characteristics of Macaca Mulatta Brevicaudus[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(01): 97-108.
猴群Group | 测量总数Sample size | 群内个体总数Group size | P |
---|---|---|---|
HL | 98 | 105 | 93.33% |
JZ | 16 | 23 | 69.57% |
HZ | 20 | 34 | 58.82% |
SJB | 43 | 84 | 51.19% |
AC | 50 | 50 | 100.00% |
GS | 21 | 29 | 72.41% |
XBL | 4 | 12 | 30.00% |
QX | 1 | 10 | 10.00% |
总计Total | 253 | 347 | 72.91% |
表1 每个群内个体体质量的测量比例
Tab.1 Measuring percent of body weight in different groups
猴群Group | 测量总数Sample size | 群内个体总数Group size | P |
---|---|---|---|
HL | 98 | 105 | 93.33% |
JZ | 16 | 23 | 69.57% |
HZ | 20 | 34 | 58.82% |
SJB | 43 | 84 | 51.19% |
AC | 50 | 50 | 100.00% |
GS | 21 | 29 | 72.41% |
XBL | 4 | 12 | 30.00% |
QX | 1 | 10 | 10.00% |
总计Total | 253 | 347 | 72.91% |
图2 海南猕猴的体质量(F代表雌性,M代表雄性,NA代表未区分性别的新生儿)
Fig.2 Body weight of Macaca mulatta brevicaudus (F means female, M means male, NA means male and female newborns)
猴群group | 测量总数Sample size | 群内个体总数Group size | P |
---|---|---|---|
HL | 39 | 105 | 37.14% |
JZ | 9 | 23 | 39.13% |
HZ | 18 | 34 | 52.94% |
SJB | 29 | 84 | 34.52% |
AC | 21 | 50 | 25.00% |
GS | 11 | 29 | 22.00% |
XBL | 1 | 12 | 8.33% |
QX | 4 | 10 | 40.00% |
总计Total | 132 | 347 | 38.04% |
表2 每个群内个体体长的测量比例
Tab.2 Measuring percent of body length in different groups
猴群group | 测量总数Sample size | 群内个体总数Group size | P |
---|---|---|---|
HL | 39 | 105 | 37.14% |
JZ | 9 | 23 | 39.13% |
HZ | 18 | 34 | 52.94% |
SJB | 29 | 84 | 34.52% |
AC | 21 | 50 | 25.00% |
GS | 11 | 29 | 22.00% |
XBL | 1 | 12 | 8.33% |
QX | 4 | 10 | 40.00% |
总计Total | 132 | 347 | 38.04% |
头长Head | 顶臀长 Crownrump | 尾长Tail | 前脚掌长 Forefoot | 后脚掌长Backfoot | 前臂长Forearm | 后臂长Postbrachium | 大腿长 Thigh | 小腿长Crus | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N: n=7 | 7.74±0.97 | 21.01±1.75 | 9.62±1.05 | 4.91±0.95 | 7.78±0.48 | 5.62±0.61 | 5.99±0.59 | 5.49±0.61 | 6.48±0.73 |
IF: n=5 | 8.77±0.83 | 28.91±2.75 | 12.00±1.56 | 6.25±1.04 | 10.25±0.60 | 7.75±0.30 | 8.66±1.89 | 8.25±0.78 | 9.18±0.94 |
IM: n=5 | 9.31±0.83 | 29.47±2.25 | 13.10±0.55 | 6.36±0.51 | 9.88±0.82 | 8.31±0.42 | 8.49±0.76 | 8.13±0.84 | 9.79±0.89 |
JF: n=9 | 10.31±0.66 | 34.72±3.35 | 14.77±2.88 | 7.13±0.82 | 11.10±1.56 | 9.91±1.45 | 10.50±1.01 | 10.08±1.32 | 11.41±1.21 |
JM: n=11 | 10.09±0.81 | 35.29±3.21 | 14.81±2.27 | 7.64±1.34 | 12.18±1.71 | 10.10±1.12 | 10.82±1.22 | 10.70±1.41 | 12.60±1.74 |
AF: n=69 | 11.53±0.68 | 41.45±2.39 | 14.37±2.02 | 8.10±0.80 | 12.43±0.82 | 11.89±1.19 | 12.00±1.04 | 12.24±0.96 | 13.50±1.01 |
AM: n=9 | 12.48±0.69 | 44.84±2.26 | 14.25±2.35 | 9.81±0.60 | 13.74±0.86 | 13.25±1.16 | 12.93±1.08 | 14.03±1.10 | 14.55±0.94 |
表3 不同年龄性别组海南猕猴体长的平均值
Tab.3 Average body length of Macaca mulatta brevicaudus (cm)
头长Head | 顶臀长 Crownrump | 尾长Tail | 前脚掌长 Forefoot | 后脚掌长Backfoot | 前臂长Forearm | 后臂长Postbrachium | 大腿长 Thigh | 小腿长Crus | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N: n=7 | 7.74±0.97 | 21.01±1.75 | 9.62±1.05 | 4.91±0.95 | 7.78±0.48 | 5.62±0.61 | 5.99±0.59 | 5.49±0.61 | 6.48±0.73 |
IF: n=5 | 8.77±0.83 | 28.91±2.75 | 12.00±1.56 | 6.25±1.04 | 10.25±0.60 | 7.75±0.30 | 8.66±1.89 | 8.25±0.78 | 9.18±0.94 |
IM: n=5 | 9.31±0.83 | 29.47±2.25 | 13.10±0.55 | 6.36±0.51 | 9.88±0.82 | 8.31±0.42 | 8.49±0.76 | 8.13±0.84 | 9.79±0.89 |
JF: n=9 | 10.31±0.66 | 34.72±3.35 | 14.77±2.88 | 7.13±0.82 | 11.10±1.56 | 9.91±1.45 | 10.50±1.01 | 10.08±1.32 | 11.41±1.21 |
JM: n=11 | 10.09±0.81 | 35.29±3.21 | 14.81±2.27 | 7.64±1.34 | 12.18±1.71 | 10.10±1.12 | 10.82±1.22 | 10.70±1.41 | 12.60±1.74 |
AF: n=69 | 11.53±0.68 | 41.45±2.39 | 14.37±2.02 | 8.10±0.80 | 12.43±0.82 | 11.89±1.19 | 12.00±1.04 | 12.24±0.96 | 13.50±1.01 |
AM: n=9 | 12.48±0.69 | 44.84±2.26 | 14.25±2.35 | 9.81±0.60 | 13.74±0.86 | 13.25±1.16 | 12.93±1.08 | 14.03±1.10 | 14.55±0.94 |
体质量 Body mass | 头长 Head | 顶臀长Crownrump | 尾长 Tail | 前脚掌长 Forefoot | 后脚掌长Backfoot | 前臂长 Forearm | 后臂长Postbrachium | 大腿长 Thigh | 小腿长 Crus | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AF/AM | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 |
JF/JM | P=0.59 | P=0.53 | P=0.70 | P=0.97 | P=0.33 | P=0.16 | P=0.60 | P=0.54 | P=0.33 | P=0.10 |
IF/IM | P=0.81 | P=0.34 | P=0.73 | P=0.18 | P=0.84 | P=0.43 | P=0.06 | P=0.76 | P=0.82 | P=0.32 |
表4 海南猕猴形态学特征雌雄差异独立样本T检验的结果
Tab.4 Results of T test on different gender
体质量 Body mass | 头长 Head | 顶臀长Crownrump | 尾长 Tail | 前脚掌长 Forefoot | 后脚掌长Backfoot | 前臂长 Forearm | 后臂长Postbrachium | 大腿长 Thigh | 小腿长 Crus | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AF/AM | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 | P=0.00 |
JF/JM | P=0.59 | P=0.53 | P=0.70 | P=0.97 | P=0.33 | P=0.16 | P=0.60 | P=0.54 | P=0.33 | P=0.10 |
IF/IM | P=0.81 | P=0.34 | P=0.73 | P=0.18 | P=0.84 | P=0.43 | P=0.06 | P=0.76 | P=0.82 | P=0.32 |
n | 相关性Relevance | 显著性Significance | |
---|---|---|---|
体质量 Body mass | 47 | R=0.38 | P=0.01 |
头长 Head length | 31 | R=0.45 | P=0.01 |
顶臀长 Crownrump length | 31 | R=0.41 | P=0.02 |
尾长 Tail length | 31 | R=0.17 | P=0.35 |
前脚掌长 Forefoot length | 31 | R=0.29 | P=0.12 |
后脚掌长 Backfoot length | 31 | R=0.08 | P=0.67 |
前臂长 Forearm length | 31 | R=0.36 | P=0.05 |
后臂长 Postbrachium length | 31 | R=0.05 | P=0.81 |
大腿长 Thigh length | 31 | R=0.23 | P=0.22 |
小腿长 Crus length | 31 | R=0.01 | P=0.96 |
表5 海南猕猴的形态学指标与等级的相关性
Tab.5 Relativity between morphological characteristics and social dominance
n | 相关性Relevance | 显著性Significance | |
---|---|---|---|
体质量 Body mass | 47 | R=0.38 | P=0.01 |
头长 Head length | 31 | R=0.45 | P=0.01 |
顶臀长 Crownrump length | 31 | R=0.41 | P=0.02 |
尾长 Tail length | 31 | R=0.17 | P=0.35 |
前脚掌长 Forefoot length | 31 | R=0.29 | P=0.12 |
后脚掌长 Backfoot length | 31 | R=0.08 | P=0.67 |
前臂长 Forearm length | 31 | R=0.36 | P=0.05 |
后臂长 Postbrachium length | 31 | R=0.05 | P=0.81 |
大腿长 Thigh length | 31 | R=0.23 | P=0.22 |
小腿长 Crus length | 31 | R=0.01 | P=0.96 |
种群Population | 顶臀长Crownrump(cm) | 尾长 Tail (cm) | 前臂长Forearm(cm) | 后臂长 Postbrachium(cm) | 大腿长Thigh(cm) | 小腿Crus(cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
印度种群 Indian pop. (n=17) | 50.11* | 22.09* | 14.46* | 14* | 15.16* | 16.51* |
泰国种群 Thai pop.(n=12) | 45.56* | 24.58* | 13.89* | 13.49* | 14.13* | 16.04* |
中国海南群 Pop. in Hainan(n=69) | 41.45 | 14.37 | 11.89 | 12.00 | 12.24 | 13.50 |
中国其他群 Other pop. in China(n=36) | 52.54* | 18.86* | 15.56* | 15.24* | 15.51* | 17.23* |
表6 相近纬度不同种群成年雌性猕猴体长的平均值
Tab.6 Mean of adult female’s body length at similar latitudes
种群Population | 顶臀长Crownrump(cm) | 尾长 Tail (cm) | 前臂长Forearm(cm) | 后臂长 Postbrachium(cm) | 大腿长Thigh(cm) | 小腿Crus(cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
印度种群 Indian pop. (n=17) | 50.11* | 22.09* | 14.46* | 14* | 15.16* | 16.51* |
泰国种群 Thai pop.(n=12) | 45.56* | 24.58* | 13.89* | 13.49* | 14.13* | 16.04* |
中国海南群 Pop. in Hainan(n=69) | 41.45 | 14.37 | 11.89 | 12.00 | 12.24 | 13.50 |
中国其他群 Other pop. in China(n=36) | 52.54* | 18.86* | 15.56* | 15.24* | 15.51* | 17.23* |
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