人类学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (06): 943-954.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0069cstr: 32091.14.j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0069
收稿日期:
2020-07-20
修回日期:
2020-08-27
出版日期:
2021-12-15
发布日期:
2020-11-30
作者简介:
魏偏偏,博士后。Email: 基金资助:
WEI Pianpian1,2(), ZHAO Yuhao3,4,5, HE Jianing6
Received:
2020-07-20
Revised:
2020-08-27
Online:
2021-12-15
Published:
2020-11-30
摘要:
1957年,在辽宁省建平县发现了一根古人类肱骨化石,编号PA103。通过同一批龙骨中筛选的哺乳动物化石,吴汝康推断PA103应该为更新世晚期古人类,并对该化石进行了表面形态特征观察和描述。为了对PA103化石的内外结构进行更全面的了解,除了线性测量数据的对比,本文还通过计算机断层扫描技术,结合生物力学和形态示量图分析对建平古人类右侧肱骨化石PA103进行了分析。通过本研究发现,PA103骨干横断面的生物力学粗壮度和力学形状指数明显小于尼安德特人,而与同时期欧亚大陆古人类不利手侧最为接近,这说明建平人右侧肱骨可能不是惯用手,同时,建平人的行为活动应该与同时期同地区的古人类处于同一水平,而小于尼安德特人。整体来看,PA103骨干骨密质厚度和截面惯性矩与近现代人的分布模式较为接近,除局部数值增大外,其整体数值小于近现代人的平均水平,这可能与遗传或行为活动有关,由于缺少古人类化石对比数据,更详细的了解还需后期开展更多相关的研究。
中图分类号:
魏偏偏, 赵昱浩, 何嘉宁. 辽宁建平古人类肱骨形态结构分析[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(06): 943-954.
WEI Pianpian, ZHAO Yuhao, HE Jianing. Structural properties of humeral remains from Jianping, Liaoning province[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(06): 943-954.
分组/Group | 标本号/No. |
---|---|
尼安德特人/ Neandertals | La Chapelle-aux-S. 1, La Ferrassie 1, La Ferrassie 2, Kebara 2, Lezetxiki 1, Palomas 92, Palomas 96, La Quina 5, Regourdou 1, St.-Césaire 1, Shanidar 3, Shanidar 4, Shanidar 6, Spy 2, Tabun 1 |
旧石器中期现代人/ Middle Paleolithic modern humans | Qafzeh 8, Qafzeh 9, Skhul 2, Skhul 4, Skhul 5 |
旧石器晚期早/中段现代人/ Early/Middle Upper Paleolithic | Barma Grande 5, Bausu da Ture 2, Cro-Magnon 4294, Cro-Magnon 4293, Dolní Věstonice 3, Dolní Věstonice 13, Dolní Věstonice 14, Dolní Věstonice 16, Grotte-des-Enfants 4, Grotte-des-Enfants 5, Mladeč 24, Mittlere Klause 1, Nazlet Khater 2, Nahal En'Gev 1, Ostuni 1, Paglicci 25, Pataud 3, Pataud 5, Paviland 1, Pavlov 1, Předmostí 3, Předmostí 4, Předmostí 9, Předmostí 10, Předmostí 14, Sunghir 1, Tianyuan1 |
欧亚大陆西部旧石器晚期晚段现代人/ Western Eurasia Late Upper Paleolithic | Arene Candide 2, Arene Candide 3, Arene Candide 4, Arene Candide 5, Arene Candide 10, Arene Candide 12, Arene Candide 14, Cap Blanc 1, Chancelade 1, Continenza 1, Ein Gev 1, Farincourt 1, Lafaye 1, Laugerie Basse unn., Madeleine 1, Mataha F-81, Neve David 1, Oberkassel 2, Ohalo 2, Peyrat 5, Placard 16, Romanelli 1, Romanelli 4, Romito 1, Romito 3, Romito 4, St-Germain-la-R. 4, San Teodoro 1, Villabruna 1 |
欧亚大陆东部旧石器晚期晚段现代人/ Eastern Eurasia Late Upper Paleolithic | Minatogawa 1, Minatogawa 2, Minatogawa 3, Minatogawa 4, Tam Hang 2, Tam Hang 3, Tam Hang 7, Tam Hang 11, Tam Hang 13, Tam Hang 14 |
非洲北部旧石器晚期晚段现代人/ North Africa Late Upper Paleolithic | Afalou 1, Afalou 2, Afalou 3, Afalou 10, Afalou 11, Afalou 13, Afalou 25, Afalou 27, Afalou 28, Sahaba 10, Sahaba 16, Sahaba 19, Sahaba 20, Sahaba 22, Sahaba 25, Sahaba 28, Sahaba 38, Sahaba 39, Sahaba 40, Sahaba 102, Wadi Halfa 1, Wadi Halfa 3, Wadi Halfa 11, Wadi Halfa 12, Wadi Halfa 14, Wadi Halfa 24, Wadi Halfa 25, Wadi Halfa 26, Wadi Halfa 28, Wadi Halfa 31, Wadi Halfa 32, Wadi Halfa 34, Wadi Halfa 36, Wadi Halfa 37 |
表1 尼安德特人和旧石器中晚期古人类对比标本
Tab.1 Neandertal, Middle and Upper Paleolithic comparative samples
分组/Group | 标本号/No. |
---|---|
尼安德特人/ Neandertals | La Chapelle-aux-S. 1, La Ferrassie 1, La Ferrassie 2, Kebara 2, Lezetxiki 1, Palomas 92, Palomas 96, La Quina 5, Regourdou 1, St.-Césaire 1, Shanidar 3, Shanidar 4, Shanidar 6, Spy 2, Tabun 1 |
旧石器中期现代人/ Middle Paleolithic modern humans | Qafzeh 8, Qafzeh 9, Skhul 2, Skhul 4, Skhul 5 |
旧石器晚期早/中段现代人/ Early/Middle Upper Paleolithic | Barma Grande 5, Bausu da Ture 2, Cro-Magnon 4294, Cro-Magnon 4293, Dolní Věstonice 3, Dolní Věstonice 13, Dolní Věstonice 14, Dolní Věstonice 16, Grotte-des-Enfants 4, Grotte-des-Enfants 5, Mladeč 24, Mittlere Klause 1, Nazlet Khater 2, Nahal En'Gev 1, Ostuni 1, Paglicci 25, Pataud 3, Pataud 5, Paviland 1, Pavlov 1, Předmostí 3, Předmostí 4, Předmostí 9, Předmostí 10, Předmostí 14, Sunghir 1, Tianyuan1 |
欧亚大陆西部旧石器晚期晚段现代人/ Western Eurasia Late Upper Paleolithic | Arene Candide 2, Arene Candide 3, Arene Candide 4, Arene Candide 5, Arene Candide 10, Arene Candide 12, Arene Candide 14, Cap Blanc 1, Chancelade 1, Continenza 1, Ein Gev 1, Farincourt 1, Lafaye 1, Laugerie Basse unn., Madeleine 1, Mataha F-81, Neve David 1, Oberkassel 2, Ohalo 2, Peyrat 5, Placard 16, Romanelli 1, Romanelli 4, Romito 1, Romito 3, Romito 4, St-Germain-la-R. 4, San Teodoro 1, Villabruna 1 |
欧亚大陆东部旧石器晚期晚段现代人/ Eastern Eurasia Late Upper Paleolithic | Minatogawa 1, Minatogawa 2, Minatogawa 3, Minatogawa 4, Tam Hang 2, Tam Hang 3, Tam Hang 7, Tam Hang 11, Tam Hang 13, Tam Hang 14 |
非洲北部旧石器晚期晚段现代人/ North Africa Late Upper Paleolithic | Afalou 1, Afalou 2, Afalou 3, Afalou 10, Afalou 11, Afalou 13, Afalou 25, Afalou 27, Afalou 28, Sahaba 10, Sahaba 16, Sahaba 19, Sahaba 20, Sahaba 22, Sahaba 25, Sahaba 28, Sahaba 38, Sahaba 39, Sahaba 40, Sahaba 102, Wadi Halfa 1, Wadi Halfa 3, Wadi Halfa 11, Wadi Halfa 12, Wadi Halfa 14, Wadi Halfa 24, Wadi Halfa 25, Wadi Halfa 26, Wadi Halfa 28, Wadi Halfa 31, Wadi Halfa 32, Wadi Halfa 34, Wadi Halfa 36, Wadi Halfa 37 |
图1 建平人肱骨(PA103)三维虚拟复原 从左到右:前侧、后侧、内侧、外侧/From left to right: anterior view, posterior view, medial view, lateral view
Fig.1 3D visual model of the Jianping right humerus(PA103)
图2 与近现代人肱骨(灰色)对比的建平人肱骨(PA103)(粉色)及其骨干横断面
Fig.2 Jianping right humerus PA103 (pink) superimposed onto one complete humerus from recent modern humans (grey)(Left) and femoral diaphyseal cross-sections of PA103(Right)
肱骨骨 干横断 面位置 | 截面 总面积 St (mm2) | 骨密 质面积 Sc (mm2) | 前后侧截 面惯性矩 Ix (mm4) | 内外侧截 面惯性矩 Iy (mm4) | 最大截面 惯性矩 Imax (mm4) | 最小截面 惯性矩 Imin (mm4) | 前后侧截 面抵抗矩 Zx (mm3) | 内外侧截 面抵抗矩 Zy (mm3) | 极截面 惯性矩 J (mm4) | 极截面 抵抗拒 Zp (mm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
35% | 268.6 | 210.9 | 5857.1 | 5339.9 | 5858.9 | 5338.1 | 559.4 | 522.3 | 11197.0 | 1059.9 |
50% | 299.5 | 222.9 | 7891.4 | 6029.1 | 8611.7 | 5308.8 | 716.1 | 578.1 | 13920.5 | 1247.4 |
65% | 333.0 | 236.3 | 8869.7 | 7497.0 | 9481.7 | 6885.0 | 799.3 | 695.1 | 16366.7 | 1425.3 |
表2 建平古人类肱骨化石PA103骨干横断面几何特征参数
Tab.2 Cross-sectional geometric parameters of the Jianping humerus PA103
肱骨骨 干横断 面位置 | 截面 总面积 St (mm2) | 骨密 质面积 Sc (mm2) | 前后侧截 面惯性矩 Ix (mm4) | 内外侧截 面惯性矩 Iy (mm4) | 最大截面 惯性矩 Imax (mm4) | 最小截面 惯性矩 Imin (mm4) | 前后侧截 面抵抗矩 Zx (mm3) | 内外侧截 面抵抗矩 Zy (mm3) | 极截面 惯性矩 J (mm4) | 极截面 抵抗拒 Zp (mm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
35% | 268.6 | 210.9 | 5857.1 | 5339.9 | 5858.9 | 5338.1 | 559.4 | 522.3 | 11197.0 | 1059.9 |
50% | 299.5 | 222.9 | 7891.4 | 6029.1 | 8611.7 | 5308.8 | 716.1 | 578.1 | 13920.5 | 1247.4 |
65% | 333.0 | 236.3 | 8869.7 | 7497.0 | 9481.7 | 6885.0 | 799.3 | 695.1 | 16366.7 | 1425.3 |
标本Specimens | 35%生物力学粗壮度J(标准化) | 50%生物力学粗壮度J(标准化) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
利手侧Handy | 不利手侧Not handy | 利手侧Handy | 不利手侧Not handy | ||
PA103 | 11.3 | 14.0 | |||
Nea | 19.8±0.7(3)b | 10.8±3.2(4) | 24.9±4.0(2) | 14.6±3.7(2) | |
MPMH | 5.3±2.6(2) | 5.6(1) | 7.5(1) | 5.8(1) | |
EUP | 11.6±4.1(10) | 9.8±2.6(12) | 12.7±3.2(11) | 10.2±2.3(11) | |
WEL | 17.0±5.0(19) | 12.3±4.2(16) | 21.0±5.8(14) | 14.2±3.4(14) | |
EEL | 13.4±2.1(9) | 11.5±2.4(7) | 15.9±3.4(6) | 14.2±3.4(6) | |
NAL | 14.4±4.0(22) | 10.7±2.4(23) | 16.0±4.0 (23) | 12.9±3.3 (23) | |
K-Wb P | 0.002 (H=19.082, f (d)=5) | 0.199 (H=7.298, f (d)=5) | 0.001 (H=21.474, f (d)=5) | 0.016(H=13.872, f (d)=5) |
表3 肱骨生物力学粗壮度指数的均值与标准差
Tab.3 Mean and standard deviation indexes(±σ) of humeral biomechanical robusticity
标本Specimens | 35%生物力学粗壮度J(标准化) | 50%生物力学粗壮度J(标准化) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
利手侧Handy | 不利手侧Not handy | 利手侧Handy | 不利手侧Not handy | ||
PA103 | 11.3 | 14.0 | |||
Nea | 19.8±0.7(3)b | 10.8±3.2(4) | 24.9±4.0(2) | 14.6±3.7(2) | |
MPMH | 5.3±2.6(2) | 5.6(1) | 7.5(1) | 5.8(1) | |
EUP | 11.6±4.1(10) | 9.8±2.6(12) | 12.7±3.2(11) | 10.2±2.3(11) | |
WEL | 17.0±5.0(19) | 12.3±4.2(16) | 21.0±5.8(14) | 14.2±3.4(14) | |
EEL | 13.4±2.1(9) | 11.5±2.4(7) | 15.9±3.4(6) | 14.2±3.4(6) | |
NAL | 14.4±4.0(22) | 10.7±2.4(23) | 16.0±4.0 (23) | 12.9±3.3 (23) | |
K-Wb P | 0.002 (H=19.082, f (d)=5) | 0.199 (H=7.298, f (d)=5) | 0.001 (H=21.474, f (d)=5) | 0.016(H=13.872, f (d)=5) |
35%利手侧 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
scaled J | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 0.026 | 0.057 | 1.000 | 0.279 | 0.519 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 0.082 | 1.000 | 0.528 | |
EUP | 0.066 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
WEL | 0.816 | 1.000 | |||
EEL | 1.000 | ||||
Rct | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.761 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.020 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 0.333 | |||
EEL | 0.005 | ||||
35%不利手侧 | |||||
Rct | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.256 | |
EUP | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.002 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
EEL | 0.029 | ||||
50%利手侧 | |||||
scaled J | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 0.169 | 0.063 | 1.000 | 0.849 | 0.624 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 0.289 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 0.002 | 1.000 | 0.860 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 0.229 | |||
EEL | 1.000 | ||||
Rct | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 0.748 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 1.000 | 1.000 | <0.001 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 0.379 | |||
EEL | 0.028 | ||||
Lmax/Lmin | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.003 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.505 | |
EUP | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.004 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | <0.001 | |||
EEL | <0.001 | ||||
50%利手侧 | |||||
Imax/Imin | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 0.932 | 0.015 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.025 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.905 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 0.400 | 0.005 | 1.000 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 0.717 | |||
EEL | 0.007 | ||||
50%不利手侧 | |||||
scaled J | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 0.676 | 0.945 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 0.031 | 0.308 | 0.365 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
EEL | 1.000 | ||||
Rct | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 0.305 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 1.000 | 1.000 | <0.001 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 0.073 | |||
EEL | 0.456 | ||||
Lmax/Lmin | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 0.192 | 1.000 | 1.000 | <0.001 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.843 | |
EUP | 0.793 | 0.152 | 0.009 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | <0.001 | |||
EEL | <0.001 | ||||
Imax/Imin | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 0.276 | 0.010 | 0.698 | 1.000 | 0.001 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 0.769 | 0.157 | 1.000 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 0.070 | |||
EEL | 0.016 |
表6 所有指数的组间两两比较
Tab.6 Results of post hoc comparisons of humeral CSG properties and linear shape index
35%利手侧 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
scaled J | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 0.026 | 0.057 | 1.000 | 0.279 | 0.519 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 0.082 | 1.000 | 0.528 | |
EUP | 0.066 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
WEL | 0.816 | 1.000 | |||
EEL | 1.000 | ||||
Rct | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.761 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.020 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 0.333 | |||
EEL | 0.005 | ||||
35%不利手侧 | |||||
Rct | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.256 | |
EUP | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.002 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
EEL | 0.029 | ||||
50%利手侧 | |||||
scaled J | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 0.169 | 0.063 | 1.000 | 0.849 | 0.624 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 0.289 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 0.002 | 1.000 | 0.860 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 0.229 | |||
EEL | 1.000 | ||||
Rct | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 0.748 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 1.000 | 1.000 | <0.001 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 0.379 | |||
EEL | 0.028 | ||||
Lmax/Lmin | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.003 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.505 | |
EUP | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.004 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | <0.001 | |||
EEL | <0.001 | ||||
50%利手侧 | |||||
Imax/Imin | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 0.932 | 0.015 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.025 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.905 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 0.400 | 0.005 | 1.000 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 0.717 | |||
EEL | 0.007 | ||||
50%不利手侧 | |||||
scaled J | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 0.676 | 0.945 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 0.031 | 0.308 | 0.365 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
EEL | 1.000 | ||||
Rct | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 0.305 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 1.000 | 1.000 | <0.001 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 0.073 | |||
EEL | 0.456 | ||||
Lmax/Lmin | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 1.000 | 0.192 | 1.000 | 1.000 | <0.001 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.843 | |
EUP | 0.793 | 0.152 | 0.009 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | <0.001 | |||
EEL | <0.001 | ||||
Imax/Imin | MPMH | EUP | WEL | EEL | NAL |
Nea | 0.276 | 0.010 | 0.698 | 1.000 | 0.001 |
MPMH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
EUP | 0.769 | 0.157 | 1.000 | ||
WEL | 1.000 | 0.070 | |||
EEL | 0.016 |
标本Specimens | 中远端骨密质面积百分比Rct of 35% position | 中部骨密质面积百分比Rct of 50% position | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
利手侧Handy | 不利手侧Not handy | 利手侧Handy | 不利手侧Not handy | ||
PA103 | 78.5% | 74.4% | |||
Nea | (78.5±5.0)% (5) b | (80.7±5.1)% (5) | (978.2±6.1)% (5) | (79.2±5.2)% (5) | |
MPMH | (77.6±7.4)% (3) | (74.7±3.7)% (3) | 73.5% (1) | (76.9±21.6)% (2) | |
EUP | (77.6±7.0)% (16) | (76.1±7.3)% (16) | (68.8±8.1)% (12) | (66.5±9.6)% (12) | |
WEL | (79.5±8.1)% (14) | (79.9±6.9)%(14) | (75.2±7.4)% (9) | (72.9±6.6)% (9) | |
EEL | (74.8±6.7)% (10) | (76.5±4.9)% (10) | (73.5±6.0)% (10) | (75.4±6.7)% (10) | |
NAL | (85.2±7.7)% (32) | (84.4±6.7)% (31) | (81.6±5.8)% (37) | 981.8±7.3)% (37) | |
K-Wb P | <0.001 (H=21.561, f (d)=6) | <0.001 (H=23.654, f (d)=6) | <0.001 (H=27.917, f (d)=6) | <0.001 (H=25.679, f (d) =6) |
表4 肱骨中远端(35%部位)和中部(50%部位)骨密质面积百分比 (Rct) 比较
Tab.4 Percent cortical area (Rct) comparisons of PA103’s right humeral mid-distal (35% position) and midshaft (50% position)diaphysis
标本Specimens | 中远端骨密质面积百分比Rct of 35% position | 中部骨密质面积百分比Rct of 50% position | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
利手侧Handy | 不利手侧Not handy | 利手侧Handy | 不利手侧Not handy | ||
PA103 | 78.5% | 74.4% | |||
Nea | (78.5±5.0)% (5) b | (80.7±5.1)% (5) | (978.2±6.1)% (5) | (79.2±5.2)% (5) | |
MPMH | (77.6±7.4)% (3) | (74.7±3.7)% (3) | 73.5% (1) | (76.9±21.6)% (2) | |
EUP | (77.6±7.0)% (16) | (76.1±7.3)% (16) | (68.8±8.1)% (12) | (66.5±9.6)% (12) | |
WEL | (79.5±8.1)% (14) | (79.9±6.9)%(14) | (75.2±7.4)% (9) | (72.9±6.6)% (9) | |
EEL | (74.8±6.7)% (10) | (76.5±4.9)% (10) | (73.5±6.0)% (10) | (75.4±6.7)% (10) | |
NAL | (85.2±7.7)% (32) | (84.4±6.7)% (31) | (81.6±5.8)% (37) | 981.8±7.3)% (37) | |
K-Wb P | <0.001 (H=21.561, f (d)=6) | <0.001 (H=23.654, f (d)=6) | <0.001 (H=27.917, f (d)=6) | <0.001 (H=25.679, f (d) =6) |
标本Specimens | 中部最大径与最小径之比Lmax/Lmin | 中部最大与最小截面惯性矩之比Imax/Imin | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
利手侧Handy | 不利手侧Not handy | 利手侧Handy | 不利手侧Not handy | ||
PA103 | 135.7 | 1.6 | |||
Nea | 131.7±15.6 (7) | 137.8±6.4(7) | 1.9±0.2(7) | 1.9±0.2(7) | |
MPMH | 127.1±18.2 (3) | 122.7±5.2 (3) | 1.6±0.3 (3) | 1.47±0.1 (3) | |
EUP | 123.7±8.0 (16) | 120.4±10.4 (16) | 1.5±0.2 (18) | 1.5±0.2(18) | |
WEL | 130.4±10.2 (19) | 131.0±11.1(19) | 1.7±0.2(20) | 1.6±0.2(19) | |
EEL | 136.3±21.9 (10) | 136.5±5.5 (10) | 1.9±0.3(10) | 1.7±0.2 (10) | |
NAL | 107.8±5.9 (37) | 106.3±4.2 (37) | 1.5±0.3 (37) | 1.4±0.3 (37) | |
K-W P | <0.001 (H=50.908, f(d)=6) | <0.001 (H=67.137, f(d)=6) | <0.001 (H=24.623, f(d)=6) | <0.001 (H=29.136, f(d)=6) |
表5 肱骨骨干中部形状指数对比
Tab.5 Comparisons for humeral midshaft shape
标本Specimens | 中部最大径与最小径之比Lmax/Lmin | 中部最大与最小截面惯性矩之比Imax/Imin | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
利手侧Handy | 不利手侧Not handy | 利手侧Handy | 不利手侧Not handy | ||
PA103 | 135.7 | 1.6 | |||
Nea | 131.7±15.6 (7) | 137.8±6.4(7) | 1.9±0.2(7) | 1.9±0.2(7) | |
MPMH | 127.1±18.2 (3) | 122.7±5.2 (3) | 1.6±0.3 (3) | 1.47±0.1 (3) | |
EUP | 123.7±8.0 (16) | 120.4±10.4 (16) | 1.5±0.2 (18) | 1.5±0.2(18) | |
WEL | 130.4±10.2 (19) | 131.0±11.1(19) | 1.7±0.2(20) | 1.6±0.2(19) | |
EEL | 136.3±21.9 (10) | 136.5±5.5 (10) | 1.9±0.3(10) | 1.7±0.2 (10) | |
NAL | 107.8±5.9 (37) | 106.3±4.2 (37) | 1.5±0.3 (37) | 1.4±0.3 (37) | |
K-W P | <0.001 (H=50.908, f(d)=6) | <0.001 (H=67.137, f(d)=6) | <0.001 (H=24.623, f(d)=6) | <0.001 (H=29.136, f(d)=6) |
图3 肱骨骨干标准化后的骨密质厚度形态示量图 A:右侧肱骨 Right humeri;B:左侧肱骨Left humeri。从深蓝色到红色厚度逐渐加深In all measurements, warmer colors denote higher values, and cold colors denote lower values。 Datong_R:大同南郊北魏人群右侧肱骨;Junzicun_R:君子村清代人群右侧肱骨;PA103:建平右侧肱骨;Junzicun_L:君子村清代人群左侧肱骨 (R: right, L: left)
Fig.3 Morphometric maps of scales cortical bone thickness (sCBT) distribution
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