辽宁建平古人类肱骨形态结构分析

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0069

人类学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (06): 943-954.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0069cstr: 32091.14.j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2020.0069

辽宁建平古人类肱骨形态结构分析

魏偏偏¹^,²(), 赵昱浩³^,⁴^,⁵, 何嘉宁⁶

1.复旦大学生命科学学院现代人类学教育部重点实验室,复旦大学人类遗传学与人类学系,上海 200438
2.Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
3.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室, 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所, 北京 100044
4.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心, 北京 100044
5.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
6.北京大学考古文博学院, 北京100871

收稿日期:2020-07-20 修回日期:2020-08-27 出版日期:2021-12-15 发布日期:2020-11-30
作者简介:魏偏偏,博士后。Email： weipianpian@fudan.edu.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB26000000);国家自然科学基金(41802020);中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2017M611449)

Structural properties of humeral remains from Jianping, Liaoning province

WEI Pianpian¹^,²(), ZHAO Yuhao³^,⁴^,⁵, HE Jianing⁶

1. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438
2. Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
3. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
4. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044
5. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
6. School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871

Received:2020-07-20 Revised:2020-08-27 Online:2021-12-15 Published:2020-11-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

1957年,在辽宁省建平县发现了一根古人类肱骨化石,编号PA103。通过同一批龙骨中筛选的哺乳动物化石,吴汝康推断PA103应该为更新世晚期古人类,并对该化石进行了表面形态特征观察和描述。为了对PA103化石的内外结构进行更全面的了解,除了线性测量数据的对比,本文还通过计算机断层扫描技术,结合生物力学和形态示量图分析对建平古人类右侧肱骨化石PA103进行了分析。通过本研究发现,PA103骨干横断面的生物力学粗壮度和力学形状指数明显小于尼安德特人,而与同时期欧亚大陆古人类不利手侧最为接近,这说明建平人右侧肱骨可能不是惯用手,同时,建平人的行为活动应该与同时期同地区的古人类处于同一水平,而小于尼安德特人。整体来看,PA103骨干骨密质厚度和截面惯性矩与近现代人的分布模式较为接近,除局部数值增大外,其整体数值小于近现代人的平均水平,这可能与遗传或行为活动有关,由于缺少古人类化石对比数据,更详细的了解还需后期开展更多相关的研究。

关键词: 建平人, 肱骨骨干, 生物力学, 形态, 更新世晚期

Abstract:

In 1957, one humeral diaphysis of human (PA103) was discovered in Jianping couty, Liaoning province, northern China. According to the comparison of mammal fossils from the same layer, PA103 could be attributed to Late Pleistocene. This specimen has been described in detail. Given the scarcity of upper limb fossil of Late Pleistocene humans from East Asia, a more detailed comparative study is warranted. Here, we provide a comparative assessment of Jianping PA103 humeral inner morphology. Specifically, we analyze the diaphyseal structure of PA103 using micro-computed tomography coupled with methods of cross-sectional geometry and morphometric maps. Cross-sectional properties, continuous cortical bone thickness, and continuous bone strength of PA103 are compared to those of Neandetrals, Middle and Upper Paleolithic modern humans. The PA103 were found to be similar to those of Late Upper Paleolithic in cross-sectional shape of midshaft and biomechanical robusticity. The individual represented by PA103 is more similar to the non-dominant side of comtemporary samples, i.e. biomechanical robusticity and shape index at midshaft. Although the distribution pattern of cortical bone thickness and bone strength in modern human is similar, the cortical thickness of the humeral diaphysis do not seem to correlate strongly with bone strength. Thus, caution is warranted when equating the cortical thickness of a long bone diaphysis to its overall strength.

Key words: Jianping hominin, humeral diaphysis, Biomechanics, Morphometric, Late Pleistocene

中图分类号:

Q981

魏偏偏, 赵昱浩, 何嘉宁. 辽宁建平古人类肱骨形态结构分析[J]. 人类学学报, 2021, 40(06): 943-954.

WEI Pianpian, ZHAO Yuhao, HE Jianing. Structural properties of humeral remains from Jianping, Liaoning province[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(06): 943-954.

图/表 10

参考文献 22

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分组/Group	标本号/No.
尼安德特人/ Neandertals	La Chapelle-aux-S. 1, La Ferrassie 1, La Ferrassie 2, Kebara 2, Lezetxiki 1, Palomas 92, Palomas 96, La Quina 5, Regourdou 1, St.-Césaire 1, Shanidar 3, Shanidar 4, Shanidar 6, Spy 2, Tabun 1
旧石器中期现代人/ Middle Paleolithic modern humans	Qafzeh 8, Qafzeh 9, Skhul 2, Skhul 4, Skhul 5
旧石器晚期早/中段现代人/ Early/Middle Upper Paleolithic	Barma Grande 5, Bausu da Ture 2, Cro-Magnon 4294, Cro-Magnon 4293, Dolní Věstonice 3, Dolní Věstonice 13, Dolní Věstonice 14, Dolní Věstonice 16, Grotte-des-Enfants 4, Grotte-des-Enfants 5, Mladeč 24, Mittlere Klause 1, Nazlet Khater 2, Nahal En'Gev 1, Ostuni 1, Paglicci 25, Pataud 3, Pataud 5, Paviland 1, Pavlov 1, Předmostí 3, Předmostí 4, Předmostí 9, Předmostí 10, Předmostí 14, Sunghir 1, Tianyuan1
欧亚大陆西部旧石器晚期晚段现代人/ Western Eurasia Late Upper Paleolithic	Arene Candide 2, Arene Candide 3, Arene Candide 4, Arene Candide 5, Arene Candide 10, Arene Candide 12, Arene Candide 14, Cap Blanc 1, Chancelade 1, Continenza 1, Ein Gev 1, Farincourt 1, Lafaye 1, Laugerie Basse unn., Madeleine 1, Mataha F-81, Neve David 1, Oberkassel 2, Ohalo 2, Peyrat 5, Placard 16, Romanelli 1, Romanelli 4, Romito 1, Romito 3, Romito 4, St-Germain-la-R. 4, San Teodoro 1, Villabruna 1
欧亚大陆东部旧石器晚期晚段现代人/ Eastern Eurasia Late Upper Paleolithic	Minatogawa 1, Minatogawa 2, Minatogawa 3, Minatogawa 4, Tam Hang 2, Tam Hang 3, Tam Hang 7, Tam Hang 11, Tam Hang 13, Tam Hang 14
非洲北部旧石器晚期晚段现代人/ North Africa Late Upper Paleolithic	Afalou 1, Afalou 2, Afalou 3, Afalou 10, Afalou 11, Afalou 13, Afalou 25, Afalou 27, Afalou 28, Sahaba 10, Sahaba 16, Sahaba 19, Sahaba 20, Sahaba 22, Sahaba 25, Sahaba 28, Sahaba 38, Sahaba 39, Sahaba 40, Sahaba 102, Wadi Halfa 1, Wadi Halfa 3, Wadi Halfa 11, Wadi Halfa 12, Wadi Halfa 14, Wadi Halfa 24, Wadi Halfa 25, Wadi Halfa 26, Wadi Halfa 28, Wadi Halfa 31, Wadi Halfa 32, Wadi Halfa 34, Wadi Halfa 36, Wadi Halfa 37

分组/Group	标本号/No.
尼安德特人/ Neandertals	La Chapelle-aux-S. 1, La Ferrassie 1, La Ferrassie 2, Kebara 2, Lezetxiki 1, Palomas 92, Palomas 96, La Quina 5, Regourdou 1, St.-Césaire 1, Shanidar 3, Shanidar 4, Shanidar 6, Spy 2, Tabun 1
旧石器中期现代人/ Middle Paleolithic modern humans	Qafzeh 8, Qafzeh 9, Skhul 2, Skhul 4, Skhul 5
旧石器晚期早/中段现代人/ Early/Middle Upper Paleolithic	Barma Grande 5, Bausu da Ture 2, Cro-Magnon 4294, Cro-Magnon 4293, Dolní Věstonice 3, Dolní Věstonice 13, Dolní Věstonice 14, Dolní Věstonice 16, Grotte-des-Enfants 4, Grotte-des-Enfants 5, Mladeč 24, Mittlere Klause 1, Nazlet Khater 2, Nahal En'Gev 1, Ostuni 1, Paglicci 25, Pataud 3, Pataud 5, Paviland 1, Pavlov 1, Předmostí 3, Předmostí 4, Předmostí 9, Předmostí 10, Předmostí 14, Sunghir 1, Tianyuan1
欧亚大陆西部旧石器晚期晚段现代人/ Western Eurasia Late Upper Paleolithic	Arene Candide 2, Arene Candide 3, Arene Candide 4, Arene Candide 5, Arene Candide 10, Arene Candide 12, Arene Candide 14, Cap Blanc 1, Chancelade 1, Continenza 1, Ein Gev 1, Farincourt 1, Lafaye 1, Laugerie Basse unn., Madeleine 1, Mataha F-81, Neve David 1, Oberkassel 2, Ohalo 2, Peyrat 5, Placard 16, Romanelli 1, Romanelli 4, Romito 1, Romito 3, Romito 4, St-Germain-la-R. 4, San Teodoro 1, Villabruna 1
欧亚大陆东部旧石器晚期晚段现代人/ Eastern Eurasia Late Upper Paleolithic	Minatogawa 1, Minatogawa 2, Minatogawa 3, Minatogawa 4, Tam Hang 2, Tam Hang 3, Tam Hang 7, Tam Hang 11, Tam Hang 13, Tam Hang 14
非洲北部旧石器晚期晚段现代人/ North Africa Late Upper Paleolithic	Afalou 1, Afalou 2, Afalou 3, Afalou 10, Afalou 11, Afalou 13, Afalou 25, Afalou 27, Afalou 28, Sahaba 10, Sahaba 16, Sahaba 19, Sahaba 20, Sahaba 22, Sahaba 25, Sahaba 28, Sahaba 38, Sahaba 39, Sahaba 40, Sahaba 102, Wadi Halfa 1, Wadi Halfa 3, Wadi Halfa 11, Wadi Halfa 12, Wadi Halfa 14, Wadi Halfa 24, Wadi Halfa 25, Wadi Halfa 26, Wadi Halfa 28, Wadi Halfa 31, Wadi Halfa 32, Wadi Halfa 34, Wadi Halfa 36, Wadi Halfa 37

肱骨骨干横断面位置	截面总面积 S_t(mm²)	骨密质面积 S_c(mm²)	前后侧截面惯性矩 I_x (mm⁴)	内外侧截面惯性矩 I_y (mm⁴)	最大截面惯性矩 I_max(mm⁴)	最小截面惯性矩 I_min (mm⁴)	前后侧截面抵抗矩 Z_x (mm³)	内外侧截面抵抗矩 Z_y (mm³)	极截面惯性矩 J (mm⁴)	极截面抵抗拒 Z_p (mm³)
35%	268.6	210.9	5857.1	5339.9	5858.9	5338.1	559.4	522.3	11197.0	1059.9
50%	299.5	222.9	7891.4	6029.1	8611.7	5308.8	716.1	578.1	13920.5	1247.4
65%	333.0	236.3	8869.7	7497.0	9481.7	6885.0	799.3	695.1	16366.7	1425.3

肱骨骨干横断面位置	截面总面积 S_t(mm²)	骨密质面积 S_c(mm²)	前后侧截面惯性矩 I_x (mm⁴)	内外侧截面惯性矩 I_y (mm⁴)	最大截面惯性矩 I_max(mm⁴)	最小截面惯性矩 I_min (mm⁴)	前后侧截面抵抗矩 Z_x (mm³)	内外侧截面抵抗矩 Z_y (mm³)	极截面惯性矩 J (mm⁴)	极截面抵抗拒 Z_p (mm³)
35%	268.6	210.9	5857.1	5339.9	5858.9	5338.1	559.4	522.3	11197.0	1059.9
50%	299.5	222.9	7891.4	6029.1	8611.7	5308.8	716.1	578.1	13920.5	1247.4
65%	333.0	236.3	8869.7	7497.0	9481.7	6885.0	799.3	695.1	16366.7	1425.3

标本Specimens	35%生物力学粗壮度J（标准化）		50%生物力学粗壮度J（标准化）
标本Specimens	利手侧Handy	不利手侧Not handy	利手侧Handy	不利手侧Not handy
PA103	11.3		14.0
Nea	19.8±0.7(3)^b	10.8±3.2(4)	24.9±4.0(2)	14.6±3.7(2)
MPMH	5.3±2.6(2)	5.6(1)	7.5(1)	5.8(1)
EUP	11.6±4.1(10)	9.8±2.6(12)	12.7±3.2(11)	10.2±2.3(11)
WEL	17.0±5.0(19)	12.3±4.2(16)	21.0±5.8(14)	14.2±3.4(14)
EEL	13.4±2.1(9)	11.5±2.4(7)	15.9±3.4(6)	14.2±3.4(6)
NAL	14.4±4.0(22)	10.7±2.4(23)	16.0±4.0 (23)	12.9±3.3 (23)
K-W^b P	0.002 (H=19.082, f (d)=5)	0.199 (H=7.298, f (d)=5)	0.001 (H=21.474, f (d)=5)	0.016(H=13.872, f (d)=5)

辽宁建平古人类肱骨形态结构分析

Structural properties of humeral remains from Jianping, Liaoning province

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参考文献 22

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35%利手侧
scaled J	MPMH	EUP	WEL	EEL	NAL
Nea	0.026	0.057	1.000	0.279	0.519
MPMH		1.000	0.082	1.000	0.528
EUP			0.066	1.000	1.000
WEL				0.816	1.000
EEL					1.000
R_ct	MPMH	EUP	WEL	EEL	NAL
Nea	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.761
MPMH		1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
EUP			1.000	1.000	0.020
WEL				1.000	0.333
EEL					0.005
35%不利手侧
R_ct	MPMH	EUP	WEL	EEL	NAL
Nea	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
MPMH		1.000	1.000	1.000	0.256
EUP			1.000	1.000	0.002
WEL				1.000	1.000
EEL					0.029
50%利手侧
scaled J	MPMH	EUP	WEL	EEL	NAL
Nea	0.169	0.063	1.000	0.849	0.624
MPMH		1.000	0.289	1.000	1.000
EUP			0.002	1.000	0.860
WEL				1.000	0.229
EEL					1.000
R_ct	MPMH	EUP	WEL	EEL	NAL
Nea	1.000	0.748	1.000	1.000	1.000
MPMH		1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
EUP			1.000	1.000	<0.001
WEL				1.000	0.379
EEL					0.028
L_max/L_min	MPMH	EUP	WEL	EEL	NAL
Nea	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.003
MPMH		1.000	1.000	1.000	0.505
EUP			1.000	1.000	0.004
WEL				1.000	<0.001
EEL					<0.001
50%利手侧
I_max/I_min	MPMH	EUP	WEL	EEL	NAL
Nea	0.932	0.015	1.000	1.000	0.025
MPMH		1.000	1.000	0.905	1.000
EUP			0.400	0.005	1.000
WEL				1.000	0.717
EEL					0.007
50%不利手侧
scaled J	MPMH	EUP	WEL	EEL	NAL
Nea	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
MPMH		1.000	0.676	0.945	1.000
EUP			0.031	0.308	0.365
WEL				1.000	1.000
EEL					1.000
R_ct	MPMH	EUP	WEL	EEL	NAL
Nea	1.000	0.305	1.000	1.000	1.000
MPMH		1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
EUP			1.000	1.000	<0.001
WEL				1.000	0.073
EEL					0.456
L_max/L_min	MPMH	EUP	WEL	EEL	NAL
Nea	1.000	0.192	1.000	1.000	<0.001
MPMH		1.000	1.000	1.000	0.843
EUP			0.793	0.152	0.009
WEL				1.000	<0.001
EEL					<0.001
I_max/I_min	MPMH	EUP	WEL	EEL	NAL
Nea	0.276	0.010	0.698	1.000	0.001
MPMH		1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
EUP			0.769	0.157	1.000
WEL				1.000	0.070
EEL					0.016

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标本Specimens	中远端骨密质面积百分比R_ct of 35% position		中部骨密质面积百分比R_ct of 50% position
标本Specimens	利手侧Handy	不利手侧Not handy	利手侧Handy	不利手侧Not handy
PA103	78.5%		74.4%
Nea	(78.5±5.0)% (5)^b	(80.7±5.1)% (5)	(978.2±6.1)% (5)	(79.2±5.2)% (5)
MPMH	(77.6±7.4)% (3)	(74.7±3.7)% (3)	73.5% (1)	(76.9±21.6)% (2)
EUP	(77.6±7.0)% (16)	(76.1±7.3)% (16)	(68.8±8.1)% (12)	(66.5±9.6)% (12)
WEL	(79.5±8.1)% (14)	(79.9±6.9)%(14)	(75.2±7.4)% (9)	(72.9±6.6)% (9)
EEL	(74.8±6.7)% (10)	(76.5±4.9)% (10)	(73.5±6.0)% (10)	(75.4±6.7)% (10)
NAL	(85.2±7.7)% (32)	(84.4±6.7)% (31)	(81.6±5.8)% (37)	981.8±7.3)% (37)
K-W^b P	<0.001 (H=21.561, f (d)=6)	<0.001 (H=23.654, f (d)=6)	<0.001 (H=27.917, f (d)=6)	<0.001 (H=25.679, f (d) =6)

标本Specimens	中远端骨密质面积百分比R_ct of 35% position		中部骨密质面积百分比R_ct of 50% position
标本Specimens	利手侧Handy	不利手侧Not handy	利手侧Handy	不利手侧Not handy
PA103	78.5%		74.4%
Nea	(78.5±5.0)% (5)^b	(80.7±5.1)% (5)	(978.2±6.1)% (5)	(79.2±5.2)% (5)
MPMH	(77.6±7.4)% (3)	(74.7±3.7)% (3)	73.5% (1)	(76.9±21.6)% (2)
EUP	(77.6±7.0)% (16)	(76.1±7.3)% (16)	(68.8±8.1)% (12)	(66.5±9.6)% (12)
WEL	(79.5±8.1)% (14)	(79.9±6.9)%(14)	(75.2±7.4)% (9)	(72.9±6.6)% (9)
EEL	(74.8±6.7)% (10)	(76.5±4.9)% (10)	(73.5±6.0)% (10)	(75.4±6.7)% (10)
NAL	(85.2±7.7)% (32)	(84.4±6.7)% (31)	(81.6±5.8)% (37)	981.8±7.3)% (37)
K-W^b P	<0.001 (H=21.561, f (d)=6)	<0.001 (H=23.654, f (d)=6)	<0.001 (H=27.917, f (d)=6)	<0.001 (H=25.679, f (d) =6)

标本Specimens	中部最大径与最小径之比L_max/L_min		中部最大与最小截面惯性矩之比I_max/I_min
标本Specimens	利手侧Handy	不利手侧Not handy	利手侧Handy	不利手侧Not handy
PA103	135.7		1.6
Nea	131.7±15.6 (7)	137.8±6.4(7)	1.9±0.2(7)	1.9±0.2(7)
MPMH	127.1±18.2 (3)	122.7±5.2 (3)	1.6±0.3 (3)	1.47±0.1 (3)
EUP	123.7±8.0 (16)	120.4±10.4 (16)	1.5±0.2 (18)	1.5±0.2(18)
WEL	130.4±10.2 (19)	131.0±11.1(19)	1.7±0.2(20)	1.6±0.2(19)
EEL	136.3±21.9 (10)	136.5±5.5 (10)	1.9±0.3(10)	1.7±0.2 (10)
NAL	107.8±5.9 (37)	106.3±4.2 (37)	1.5±0.3 (37)	1.4±0.3 (37)
K-W P	<0.001 (H=50.908, f(d)=6)	<0.001 (H=67.137, f(d)=6)	<0.001 (H=24.623, f(d)=6)	<0.001 (H=29.136, f(d)=6)

标本Specimens	中部最大径与最小径之比L_max/L_min		中部最大与最小截面惯性矩之比I_max/I_min
标本Specimens	利手侧Handy	不利手侧Not handy	利手侧Handy	不利手侧Not handy
PA103	135.7		1.6
Nea	131.7±15.6 (7)	137.8±6.4(7)	1.9±0.2(7)	1.9±0.2(7)
MPMH	127.1±18.2 (3)	122.7±5.2 (3)	1.6±0.3 (3)	1.47±0.1 (3)
EUP	123.7±8.0 (16)	120.4±10.4 (16)	1.5±0.2 (18)	1.5±0.2(18)
WEL	130.4±10.2 (19)	131.0±11.1(19)	1.7±0.2(20)	1.6±0.2(19)
EEL	136.3±21.9 (10)	136.5±5.5 (10)	1.9±0.3(10)	1.7±0.2 (10)
NAL	107.8±5.9 (37)	106.3±4.2 (37)	1.5±0.3 (37)	1.4±0.3 (37)
K-W P	<0.001 (H=50.908, f(d)=6)	<0.001 (H=67.137, f(d)=6)	<0.001 (H=24.623, f(d)=6)	<0.001 (H=29.136, f(d)=6)