重庆巫山龙骨坡遗址2023年发掘报告

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0057

人类学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (02): 345-357.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0057

重庆巫山龙骨坡遗址2023年发掘报告

廖汝雪¹(), 傅裕¹, 王腾飞², 赵雄伟¹, 张潜³, 陈彦伊², 陈少坤⁴, 韩非⁵, 吴雁¹, 胡鑫¹, 牛文渊²^,⁶^,⁷, 韦璇²^,⁶, 黄先锋⁶^,⁷^,⁸, 黄万波⁹, 李英华²^,⁶^,⁷^,¹⁰()

1.重庆中国三峡博物馆，重庆 400015
2.武汉大学历史学院，武汉 430072
3.巫山县文物管理所，巫山 404799
4.河北地质大学地球科学学院，石家庄 050031
5.云南大学地球系统科学省重点实验室，昆明 650500
6.武汉大学长江文明考古研究院，武汉 430072
7.武汉大学文化遗产智能计算实验室，武汉 430072
8.武汉大学测绘遥感信息工程全国重点实验室，武汉 430072
9.中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，北京 100044
10.法国国家科学研究中心UMR7041上新世及更新世技术、空间与地域人类学研究实验室，法国，南特尔 92023

收稿日期:2024-09-02 修回日期:2024-12-30 出版日期:2026-04-15 发布日期:2026-04-17
通讯作者: 李英华，教授，主要从事旧石器时代考古学研究。E-mail: lyhfrance2005@yahoo.fr
作者简介:廖汝雪，文博馆员，主要从事旧石器时代考古学研究。E-mail: tq174092@163.com
基金资助:
国家社科基金重大招标项目“东亚地区人类起源问题综合研究”(24&ZD304);国家自然科学基金面上项目(42472034);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2042024kf0035)

Report of the 2023 excavation at the Longgupo site, Wushan, Chongqing

LIAO Ruxue¹(), FU Yu¹, WANG Tengfei², ZHAO Xiongwei¹, ZHANG Qian³, CHEN Yanyi², CHEN Shaokun⁴, HAN Fei⁵, WU Yan¹, HU Xin¹, NIU Wenyuan²^,⁶^,⁷, WEI Xuan²^,⁶, HUANG Xianfeng⁶^,⁷^,⁸, HUANG Wanbo⁹, LI Yinghua²^,⁶^,⁷^,¹⁰()

1. Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum, Chongqing 400015
2. School of History, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072
3. Office for Cultural Relics Administration of Wushan County, Wushan 404799
4. College of Geoscience, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031
5. Key Laboratory of Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500
6. Archaeological Institute for Yangtze Civilization, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072
7. Intelligent Computing Laboratory for Cultural Heritage, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072
8. State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072
9. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
10. CNRS UMR 7041 ArScAn-AnTET, Nanterre 92023, France

Received:2024-09-02 Revised:2024-12-30 Online:2026-04-15 Published:2026-04-17

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

重庆巫山龙骨坡遗址是国内外广受关注的早期人类遗址之一。在经历四轮发掘后，2023年由重庆中国三峡博物馆、中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所、武汉大学等单位联合启动了第五轮的第一次发掘，出土特征清晰的石制品146件、动物化石519件，石制品原料主要来自遗址周边的三叠纪灰岩。类型包括刮削器、砍砸器、手镐、尖状器、石片等，以刮削器和砍砸器数量最多。动物化石以大中型哺乳动物为主，包括食肉目、长鼻目、奇蹄目和偶蹄目等，成员以绝灭种居多，占94.44%，动物群指示的时代为早更新世早期。发掘地层位于遗址上部，对其中碳酸盐堆积的初步分析结果显示其年龄为中更新世晚期-晚更新世早期，说明遗址上部可能存在较年轻地层且混入了早期动物化石，这为进一步厘清洞穴演化历史和地层堆积过程、各层位石制品人工性质与技术面貌、生物演化背景、地层年代序列等重点问题提供了新的材料和证据。

关键词: 龙骨坡遗址, 旧石器时代, 古人类, 地层碳酸盐堆积

Abstract:

The Longgupo site in Wushan, Chongqing, is one of the early human sites that has received widespread attention both at home and abroad. The site was first discovered in 1984 and has undergone four seasons totaling 12 times of excavations since 1985. The first season (1985-1988) initially aimed at mammalian fossils, while after the discovery of a controversial hominid jawbone fragment that sparked debate over its classification, the focus shifted to excavating it as a cultural site. Consequently, the excavation method was adjusted to dig and record according to horizontal layers, and 120 species of vertebrate fossils including 116 species of mammalian fossils, 14 Gigantopithecus teeth, and 2 stone artifacts were found. The second season of excavation (1997-1998) paid more attention to cultural clues that might be related to human activities, leading to the discovery of over 20 stone artifacts. The third season (2003-2006), a joint excavation by China and France, resulted in the discovery of 845 stone artifacts, one Gigantopithecus tooth, over 1000 vertebrate fossils, and two accumulations of mammalian limb bone fossils with suspected artificial marks over the four years of excavations. The fourth season (2011-2012) was led by the Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum, discovering 206 stone artifacts and 178 mammalian fossils, which focused more on stratigraphic accumulation and stratigraphic division.

After an interval of 11 years, the fifth season was launched in 2023 by the Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum, the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Wuhan University, etc., resulting in the discovery of 146 pieces of well-characterized stone artifacts and 519 pieces of mammalian fossils.The stone artifacts were mainly made of the Triassic limestones distributed around the site. The types include scrapers, choppers, picks, points, flakes, etc., with the scrapers and choppers being the most remarkable ones. Mammalian fossils are dominated by large and medium-sized mammals, including Carnivora, Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, etc., and the extinct species account for 94.44% of the total, indicating that the age is early Early Pleistocene. The preliminary results of speleothem samples in the upper layers of the site yield the age from the late Middle Pleistocene to the early Late Pleistocene, which suggests that there may be younger layers in the upper part of the site that are mixed with early mammalian fossils. This provides new evidence for further clarification of some key issues including the site formation process, stratigraphic sequences and lithological characteristics, anthropic nature of stone artifacts and their technological features, biological evolutionary background, and sedimentary chronological sequences of the Longgupo site.

Key words: Longgupo site, Paleolithic, early hominin, speleothem

中图分类号:

K871.11

廖汝雪, 傅裕, 王腾飞, 赵雄伟, 张潜, 陈彦伊, 陈少坤, 韩非, 吴雁, 胡鑫, 牛文渊, 韦璇, 黄先锋, 黄万波, 李英华. 重庆巫山龙骨坡遗址2023年发掘报告[J]. 人类学学报, 2026, 45(02): 345-357.

LIAO Ruxue, FU Yu, WANG Tengfei, ZHAO Xiongwei, ZHANG Qian, CHEN Yanyi, CHEN Shaokun, HAN Fei, WU Yan, HU Xin, NIU Wenyuan, WEI Xuan, HUANG Xianfeng, HUANG Wanbo, LI Yinghua. Report of the 2023 excavation at the Longgupo site, Wushan, Chongqing[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2026, 45(02): 345-357.

图/表 10

图1 重庆巫山龙骨坡遗址地理位置 a.地理位置 geographic location；b.遗址实景 site landscape

Fig.1 The geographic location of Longgupo site in Wushan, Chongqing

图2 龙骨坡遗址历年发掘区展示 a.历年发掘区excavation zones over the years；b. 2023年发掘面展示 excavation plan in 2023

Fig.2 Excavation zones of the site of Longgupo in Wushan county over the years

图3 龙骨坡遗址2023年南壁、西壁地层剖面展示

Fig.3 South and west wall of stratigraphy unearthed from the Longgupo site in 2023

图4 龙骨坡遗址2023年出土石制品三维分布图

Fig.4 Three-dimensional distribution of stone artifacts unearthed from the Longgupo site in 2023

表1 龙骨坡遗址各地层出土各类石制品统计表

Tab.1 Statistics on the distribution of stone artifacts from different layers of Longgupo site (n)

类型Type	第1层Layer 1	第2层Layer 2	第3层Layer 3	第4层Layer 4	数量Quantity	比例Percentage
石片Flakes				13	13	8.9%
石器Tools					119	81.5%
刮削器Scrapers	1	3	2	59	65	44.5%
砍砸器Choppers	1	1	2	42	46	31.5%
手镐Picks				4	4	2.7%
尖状器Points				4	4	2.7%
断块Chunks				14	14	9.6%
总计Total	2	4	4	136	146	100.0%

表2 石制品类型与原料

Tab.2 Classification and raw materials of stone artifacts

类型Type→ 原料Raw Material↓		刮削器Scarpers		砍砸器Choppers		手镐 Picks	尖状器Points	石片 Flakes	断块 Chunks	总计 Total
类型Type→ 原料Raw Material↓		单刃 Single edge	双刃 Double edges	单刃 Single edges	双刃 Double edges	手镐 Picks	尖状器Points	石片 Flakes	断块 Chunks	总计 Total
深灰色石灰岩Dark grey limesone	数量n	41	4	24	2	3	2	6	10	92
深灰色石灰岩Dark grey limesone	比例Percentage	28.1%	2.7%	16.4%	1.4%	2.1%	1.4%	4.1%	6.9%	63.0%
浅灰色石灰岩Light grey limestone	数量n	17	1	14		1	2	5	2	42
浅灰色石灰岩Light grey limestone	比例Percentage	11.6%	0.7%	9.6%		0.7%	1.4%	3.4%	1.4%	28.8%
硅质灰岩Silica limestone	数量n	2		6				2	2	12
硅质灰岩Silica limestone	比例Percentage	1.4%		4.1%				1.4%	1.4%	8.2%
总计Total		60	5	44	2	4	4	13	14	146

图5 龙骨坡遗址2023年出土石片

Fig.5 Flakes excavated from the Longgupo site in 2023

图6 龙骨坡遗址2023年出土的石制品 1, 2, 3, 7.单刃刮削器Scraper with single cutting-edge，2023LGPI3a4S.824, 2023LGPJ2a2S.1059, 2023LGPH5ba4S.640, 2023LGPH4b4S.770；4.尖状器Point，2023LGPH5b4S.1092；5, 9.双刃刮削器Scraper with double cutting-edges，2023LGPH5b4S.416, 2023LGPI3a4S.662；6.单刃砍砸器 Chopper with single cutting-edge，2023LGPH564S.636；8.手镐Pick，2023LGPH5b4S.1243

Fig.6 Stone artifacts unearthed from the Longgupo site in 2023

表3 龙骨坡遗址各地层出土动物化石统计表

Tab.3 Statistics on the distribution of mammalian fossils from different layers of Longgupo site (n)

分类Type	第1层Layer 1	第2层Layer 2	第3层Layer 3	第4层Layer 4	数量Quantity
食虫目Insectivora	0	1	2	0	3
翼手目Chiroptera	0	1	1	1	3
啮齿目Rodentia	3	36	36	16	91
食肉目Carnivora	6	16	13	0	35
长鼻目Proboscidea	1	0	5	1	7
奇蹄目Perissodactyla	4	19	16	1	40
偶蹄目Artiodactyla	15	76	108	4	203
无法鉴定Unidentifiable	20	59	49	9	137
总计Total	49	208	230	32	519

图7 巫山龙骨坡遗址2023年出土的动物化石 1.华南剑齿象颊齿残块broken cheek tooth of Stegodon huananensis, 2023LGPI3b3F.309；2.柳城猪右m2 / right m2 of Sus liuchengensis, 2023LGPI4b2F.121；3.柳城猪右M3 right / M3 of Sus liuchengensis, 2023LGPI2d2.1101；4.熊右m2 / right m2 of Ursus sp., 2023LGPI5b3F.119；5.桑氏粗壮鬣狗左c left / c of Pachycrocuta licenti, 2023LGPJ3b1.428；6.大额牛右M1 right / M1 of Bibos sp., 2023LGPI4c3F.272；7.最后祖鹿右m3 right / m3 of Cervavitus ultimus, 2023LGPH4d1F.9；8.云南马右DP3/DP4 right, DP3/DP4 of Equus yunnanensis, 2023LGPI2d2F.1073）；9.山原貘左p4 left / p4 of Tapirus sanyuanensis, 2023LGPI4c3F.230。1-3、4a、6a、7b、8b、9b，冠面视crown view；4b、5a、6c、7c、8a、9c，唇侧视labial view；4c、5b、6b、7a、8c、9a，舌侧视lingual view

Fig.7 Mammalian fossils unearthed from the Longgupo site in 2023

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重庆巫山龙骨坡遗址2023年发掘报告

Report of the 2023 excavation at the Longgupo site, Wushan, Chongqing

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