中国古人类学主要议题的探讨

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2026.0061

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

伴随着中国地区古人类和旧石器遗址不断的新发现和新研究，中国地区人类演化的研究越来越引起世界学者的关注，目前东亚地区已成为探究人类演化的最重要区域。自20世纪初发现周口店遗址，中国古人类研究的历史已超过105年。目前，中国古人类学研究的科研团队已有多个，诸多重要的科学问题和假说被提出或解决。伴随国际媒体的报道，也出现许多争议，包括古人类何时抵达中国、谁是最早抵达中国的古人类、龙骨坡化石属于人还是猿、莫维斯线的争议、中更新世古人类的演化路径与多样性，以及现代人起源与扩散假说等。对中国早更新世遗址的研究，主要聚焦的问题是——最早的古人类及其文化。已有一些遗址的测年结果早于200万年，如西侯度遗址、上陈遗址等。这对“第一次出非洲说”的时间提出了挑战，若古人类在200万年前已经到达东亚，那么将改变我们对直立人最早出非洲的人属成员的认知。另一争议是重庆巫山龙骨坡遗址，早期研究指出该遗址发现古人类的下颌和牙齿，而后续研究表明这些化石更可能属于猿类。对于中更新世古人类的研究，主要聚焦在对距今30万年这一重要节点的古人类化石的分类上。此时，古人类呈现出更多不适合归属于直立人的进步特征。一些学者将这段时间出现的古人类化石归类为早期智人、古老型智人、海德堡人或者中更新世古人类。有学者提出，海德堡人和中更新世古人类是“垃圾桶分类”，应重新对这一时期的化石进行分类，尤其是关于丹尼索瓦人的归属问题，学界争论很大。在中国，新提出的人属物种有龙人（H. longi）和巨颅人（H. juluensis）。此外，马坝人和华龙洞人的归属仍未有定论。旧石器研究方面，在“莫维斯线”的合理性受到质疑的同时，东亚地区阿舍利和勒瓦娄哇技术的存在与否及其测年的可靠性也存有争议。晚更新世最重要的议题之一是现代人出现与扩散的时间。随着研究深入，单一起源和多地区起源假说均被证明存在漏洞，“同化假说（Assimilation Model）”被提出，中国地区古人类与旧石器研究是解决这一系列问题的重要一环。虽然大量报道指出在南方地区发现了早于十万年的现代人化石，但是由于南方多为洞穴遗址，地层非常复杂，这些遗址的测年数据饱受争议。北方地区的研究则集中于考古学遗物，包括石制品、骨制品等，特别是对“行为现代性”的研究。另外，近年来在青藏高原地区发现的遗址将人类适应并占据高海拔地区的时间提前到中更新世晚期，古DNA研究也为人类对高海拔地区的适应提供了新的视角。本文第一作者与多位中国古人类学者长期合作，发表了多篇聚焦中国古人类演化的文章，在回顾过去数十年中国古人类学研究进展的基础上，本文对国际学术界关注的中国地区人类演化的热点问题进行了综述和探讨。

关键词: 出自非洲说, 直立人, 巨颅人, 龙人, 手斧, 现代人起源

Abstract:

The current state of the Chinese paleoanthropological record is quite interesting to say the least. There are so many research groups active in the field right now that a number of important questions/hypotheses are being resolved and tested on a regular basis. As a result, reports of Chinese paleoanthropological discoveries appear quite regularly in international media outlets. Many of these findings revolve around questions related to the earliest peopling of China and exactly who these hominins were, to the “mystery ape”, to the Movius Line (a line that will apparently never die), to Homo juluensis and H. longi, and to modern human origins. The number of major questions/hypotheses being asked and tested currently using the Chinese data is too numerous to list. However, in this brief review we touch upon a number of these questions/hypotheses, with a particular focus on how the field has changed over the past several decades. As noted at the end of this paper, it is an amazing time to be riding the crest of the wave into the field of Chinese paleoanthropology. The “old guard” should take pride in the fact that many of these questions/hypotheses developed from the firm foundation they established, while the “current guard” should be recognized for not only coming up with innovative ways to answer many of these older questions, but developing further models/questions that need to be tested. This means that the “future guard” will be well positioned to expand on what is happening now in Chinese paleoanthropology.

Key words: Out of Africa I, Homo erectus, Homo juluensis, Homo longi, Handaxes, modern human origins

中图分类号:

Q981

BAE Christopher J, 陈逸迎. 中国古人类学主要议题的探讨[J]. 人类学学报, 2026, 45(05): 815-838.

BAE Christopher J, CHEN Yiying. Discussion on the major topics in Chinese paleoanthropology[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2026, 45(05): 815-838.

图/表 3

Fig.1 Early Pleistocene sites mentioned in the text 审图号：GS京（2026）2485号 Yellow circles indicate paleoanthropological sites. Yellow diamonds indicate archaeological sites.1. Renzidong;2. Xihoudu;3. Shangchen;4. Lantian/Gongwangling;5. Yunxian;6. Longgudong;7. Longgupo;8. Mohui Cave;9. Yuanmou.

Fig.2 Middle to early Late Pleistocene sites mentioned in the text 审图号：GS京（2026）2485号 White circles indicate paleoanthropological sites. White diamonds indicate archaeological sites.1. Harbin; 2. Jinniushan;3. Zhoukoudian;4. Xujiayao-Houjiayao;5. Dingcun;6. Lingjing/Xuchang; 7. Dali;8. Luonan; 9. Danjiangkou;10. Hualong Cave;11. Penghu; 12. Maba;13. Guanyindong;14. Baise Basin;15. Panxian Dadong;16. Baishiya Karst Cave;17. Piluo;18. Qiusang Hot Spring.

Fig.3 Late Pleistocene sites mentioned in the text 审图号：GS京（2026）2485号 Red circles indicate paleoanthropological sites. Red diamonds indicate archaeological sites.1. ZKD Upper Cave;2. Tianyuan Cave; 3. Shiyu; 4. Salawusu; 5. Shuidonggou; 6. Huanglong Cave;7. Baishiya Karst Cave;8. Qiusang Hot Spring;9. Nwya Devu;10. Panxian Dadong;11. Malu Cave; 12. Luna Cave;13. Yahuai Cave;14. Zhiren Cave; 15. Liujiang;16. Fuyan Cave; 17. Penghu.

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