蒙古国中部察干图鲁特河谷发现的旧石器时代晚期人类北部扩散路线的新证据

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0007

人类学学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (04): 488-502.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2022.0007

蒙古国中部察干图鲁特河谷发现的旧石器时代晚期人类北部扩散路线的新证据

Tsedendorj BOLORBAT¹(), Dashzeveg BAZARGUR¹, Guunii LKHUNDEV¹, Batsuuri ANKHBAYAR¹^,², Adyasuren ALTANBAGANA³, Tsend AMGALANTUGS¹, Gonchig BATBOLD¹, 曹建恩⁴, 宋国栋⁵, 曹鹏⁵, 财喜⁵

1.蒙古国科学院考古研究所，乌兰巴托
2.内蒙古大学，呼和浩特 010021
3.蒙古国国立教育大学历史系，乌兰巴托
4.内蒙古师范大学，呼和浩特 010028
5.内蒙古自治区文物考古研究院，呼和浩特 010011

收稿日期:2021-05-11 修回日期:2021-11-17 出版日期:2023-08-15 发布日期:2022-06-03
作者简介:Tsedendorj BOLORBAT, E-mail: bolorbatts@mas.ac.mn

The northern dispersal route: New evidence of Upper Paleolithic human behavior from the Tsagaan Turuut River Valley, central Mongolia

Tsedendorj BOLORBAT¹(), Dashzeveg BAZARGUR¹, Guunii LKHUNDEV¹, Batsuuri ANKHBAYAR¹^,², Adyasuren ALTANBAGANA³, Tsend AMGALANTUGS¹, Gonchig BATBOLD¹, CAO Jian’en⁴, SONG Guodong⁵, CAO Peng⁵, CAI Xi⁵

1. Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
2. Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
3. Department of History, Mongolian State University of Education, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
4. Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
5. Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hohhot, China

Received:2021-05-11 Revised:2021-11-17 Online:2023-08-15 Published:2022-06-03
Contact: Guunii LKHUNDEV, E-mail: glkhundev11@gmail.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

蒙古国位于中国北方和俄罗斯西伯利亚高原之间，这一独特地理位置促使它成为了自更新世以来的区域文化的联系走廊。蒙古国西南部的巴彦洪格尔省察干阿贵和奇肯阿贵旧石器时代晚期遗址的考古研究表明，蒙古国旧石器时代早期可追溯到距今3.3~2.7万年前。本文对巴彦洪格尔省北部Galuut区Tsagaan Turuut河谷6处旧石器时代遗址与遗迹进行了考古分析。结果显示，这些遗址的剥片技术主要基于盘状石核和棱柱状石叶石核，新发现的这些遗址极大地扩展了我们对蒙古国中部以及更大的中亚地区史前史的了解。对这6处遗址的石制品组合分析表明，这些遗址从旧石器时代早期到晚期具有文化的连续性，同时我们还发现了一些尖状器与大型两面器。Tsagaan-Baast谷地中从石器样本层位下出土的骨样本的¹⁴C测年结果显示,其年代不晚于距今43500 年前。

关键词: 蒙古国, 旧石器时代晚期, 石器工业, 石叶石核

Abstract:

Mongolia’s unique geographical location between northern China and the Siberian Plateau of Russia has facilitated its role as a corridor of regional cultural connection since the Pleistocene. It is evident that the Early Upper Paleolithic of Mongolia dates to 33-27 kaBP from the archaeological studies of those Upper Paleolithic sites at Tsagaan Agui and Chikhen Agui in Bayankhongor Province (Southwest Mongolia). Here, we present the results of archaeological analysis of Paleolithic remains from the six sites in the Tsagaan Turuut River Valley located in Galuut district, northern Bayankhongor Province. These newly discovered sites significantly expand our knowledge of the prehistory of central Mongolia and most of Central Asian region. The knapping technology at these sites is based on radial cores and unidirectional prismatic cores. By analyzing the lithic artifacts from these six sites, we believe that these cultures have continuity from early to late stages of the Early Upper Paleolithic. Special tools such as points and large bifaces were recovered. The ¹⁴C dating results of a bone sample from the lower layer of a test pit indicate that the Tsagaan Baast Valley sites are no later than 43500 BP cal (β-TSTC1).

Key words: Mongolia, Upper Paleolithic, Lithic industry, Blade core

Tsedendorj BOLORBAT, Dashzeveg BAZARGUR, Guunii LKHUNDEV, Batsuuri ANKHBAYAR, Adyasuren ALTANBAGANA, Tsend AMGALANTUGS, Gonchig BATBOLD, 曹建恩, 宋国栋, 曹鹏, 财喜. 蒙古国中部察干图鲁特河谷发现的旧石器时代晚期人类北部扩散路线的新证据[J]. 人类学学报, 2023, 42(04): 488-502.

Tsedendorj BOLORBAT, Dashzeveg BAZARGUR, Guunii LKHUNDEV, Batsuuri ANKHBAYAR, Adyasuren ALTANBAGANA, Tsend AMGALANTUGS, Gonchig BATBOLD, CAO Jian’en, SONG Guodong, CAO Peng, CAI Xi. The northern dispersal route: New evidence of Upper Paleolithic human behavior from the Tsagaan Turuut River Valley, central Mongolia[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2023, 42(04): 488-502.

图/表 8

参考文献 36

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Category	Barchin	Olon Tsohiot	Ontsyn Uzuur	Beliin Ulaan Khad	Emeel Tolgoi	Tsagaan Baast	Total	Percentage
Core-like form Blank Tool Bone	2 10 5 -	3 33 9 -	6 18 6 -	3 43 14 -	27 120 134 -	19 36 30 1	60 260 198 1	11.6% 50.1% 38.2% 0.1%
Total	17	45	30	60	281	86	519	100%

Category	Barchin	Olon Tsohiot	Ontsyn Uzuur	Beliin Ulaan Khad	Emeel Tolgoi	Tsagaan Baast	Total	Percentage
Core-like form Blank Tool Bone	2 10 5 -	3 33 9 -	6 18 6 -	3 43 14 -	27 120 134 -	19 36 30 1	60 260 198 1	11.6% 50.1% 38.2% 0.1%
Total	17	45	30	60	281	86	519	100%

No.	Category	Barchin	Olon Tsokhiot	Ontsyn Uzuur	Beliin Ulaan Khad	Emeel Tolgoi	Tsagaan Baast
1	Preform	-	-	-	-	4	5
2	Preform of wedge-shaped core	-	-	-	-	4	2
3	Single platform, single flaking surface core preform	1	-	-	-	-	2
4	Radial core	-	-	1	-	1	2
5	Single platform, single flaking surface core	1	1	3	2	4	5
6	Single platform, multiple flaking surface core	-	-	1	1	-	1
7	Double platform, single flaking surface core	-	-	-	-	-	1
8	Double platform, double flaking surface core	-	-	1	-	-	-
9	Conical core	-	-	-	-	3	-
10	Wedge-shaped core		1			14	1
11	Narrow-faced core	-	-	-	-	1	-
12	Fragment with negative flake scar	-	1	-	-	-	-
Total		2	3	6	3	27	19

No.	Category	Barchin	Olon Tsokhiot	Ontsyn Uzuur	Beliin Ulaan Khad	Emeel Tolgoi	Tsagaan Baast
1	Preform	-	-	-	-	4	5
2	Preform of wedge-shaped core	-	-	-	-	4	2
3	Single platform, single flaking surface core preform	1	-	-	-	-	2
4	Radial core	-	-	1	-	1	2
5	Single platform, single flaking surface core	1	1	3	2	4	5
6	Single platform, multiple flaking surface core	-	-	1	1	-	1
7	Double platform, single flaking surface core	-	-	-	-	-	1
8	Double platform, double flaking surface core	-	-	1	-	-	-
9	Conical core	-	-	-	-	3	-
10	Wedge-shaped core		1			14	1
11	Narrow-faced core	-	-	-	-	1	-
12	Fragment with negative flake scar	-	1	-	-	-	-
Total		2	3	6	3	27	19

No.	Category	BarchinUul	Olon Tsokhiot	Ontsyn Uzuur	Beliin Ulaan Khad	Emeel Tolgoi	Tsagaan Baast
1	Side-scraper	-	-	1	2	78	6
2	Scraper	-	1	1	1	7	1
3	Point	1	-	-	1	5	-
4	Denticulated tool	1	-	-	-	-	4
5	Notched-denticulated tool	-	-	-	1	4	-
6	Knife	-	-	-	1	2	-
7	Borer	-	2	-	1	4	-
8	Grooved tool	-	-	-	3	-	3
9	Burin	-	-	-	-	2	-
10	Spur	-	2	-	-	-	4
11	Indeterminate tool	-	-	-	-	1	1
12	Combination tool	1	1	-	1	-	-
13	Large biface	-	1	-	-	-	1
14	Push-plane	1	-	2	-	4	-
15	Truncated tool	-	1	-	1	-	1
16	Backed tool	-	-	-	-	-	1
17	Cutting tool	-	-	-	-	-	1
18	Retouched blank	1	-	-	2	-	4
19	Tool fragment	-	1	-	-	27	4
20	Hammer-stone fragment	-	-	2	-	-	-
	Total	5	9	6	14	134	30

蒙古国中部察干图鲁特河谷发现的旧石器时代晚期人类北部扩散路线的新证据

The northern dispersal route: New evidence of Upper Paleolithic human behavior from the Tsagaan Turuut River Valley, central Mongolia

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