安徽巢湖地区中-晚更新世古人类对大石片的生产与加工

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0062

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用特定策略从大型或巨型石核上剥取预期形态的大石片是判断是否采用阿舍利技术的关键要素之一。20世纪八九十年代，安徽省文物考古研究所对巢湖地区开展旧石器考古调查和发掘，在望城岗等地点的红土堆积中获得了319件石制品，其中可识别出107件大石片阿舍利技术制品。本文借助石制品技术类型学分析，揭示出巢湖地区中-晚更新世古人类砾石初级剥片和板状石核剥片等大石片生产的技术和策略，以大石片为毛坯加工的巨型刮削器和巨型锯齿刃器是该地区最典型的重型工具。对望城岗附近王家坳地点残存红色黏土层的OSL测年结果显示，古人类生存年代约为距今7万年。以上结果显示，最迟在MIS 4阶段，巢湖地区古人类已具备从大石核上剥取大石片，并以之为毛坯进一步修理刃缘或加工把手成器的能力。该研究对探讨中国南方地区中更新世晚期至晚更新世古人类石器技术的转变及大石片阿舍利技术的分布状况具有重要学术意义。

关键词: 巢湖地区, 大石片, 巨型刮削器, 巨型锯齿状器, 更新世

Abstract:

Although quantities of Acheulean large cutting tools discovered in different areas and sites in China have been insightfully analyzed, there have been few studies focusing on large flake production and large or giant core exploitation until now. In fact, producing large flakes with the expected morphology from giant or large cores through special percussion methods is a key criterion of Acheulean technology. During the 1980s-1990s, the Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Relics of Anhui Province conducted several Paleolithic investigations and excavations in the Chaohu Lake Region (CLR). A total of 319 stone artifacts embedded in red clay were discovered on the surface and in situ, among which 107 Large Flake Acheulean products could be identified. All of these artifacts were detached from quartzite river cobbles using free-hand stone hammer percussion technology. Traditionally, these artifacts were assigned to the Pebble Tool Industry. Based on lithic technological typological analysis, it can be deduced that hominins detached large flakes from large cores via the cobble-opening method and slab-slicing method, and further shaped them into large cutting tools (LCTs) such as bifaces, knives, cleavers, and picks—alongside Acheulean large tools, particularly massive scrapers and massive denticulates.

Based on the OSL dating results from the Wangjia'ao Locality (near Wangchenggang, the 1980s' and 1990s' work area), early humans occupied this site around 70 kaBP. Recently, two additional OSL dating analyses were conducted at the Liujia 2 Locality and Zhangjiawan Locality, both approximately 4.5 kilometers from the Wangjia'ao Locality. At the Liujia 2 Locality, hominins exploited large cores, detached large flakes, and further used these flakes as blanks to manufacture LCTs during two distinct periods: 225~70 kaBP and 70~30 kaBP. In contrast, the OSL dating result from the Zhangjiawan Locality indicated that early humans detached large flakes no later than 125 kaBP.

All the aforementioned OSL dating results from the CLR demonstrate that ancient humans in this region exhibited diverse adaptive behaviors, as they were capable of producing large flakes and manufacturing LCTs no later than Marine Isotope Stage 4 (MIS 4). A similar pattern has also been observed at the Wenquan Site in Henan Province, and an even earlier occurrence has been documented in the Luonan Basin and Bose Basin. This research holds great significance for studying the transition of lithic technology and the production of large flakes in Acheulean technology in South China from the late Middle Pleistocene to the Late Pleistocene.

Key words: Chaohu Lake Region, large flake, massive scrapers, massive denticulates, Pleistocene

中图分类号:

K871.11

战世佳, 董哲, 弋双文. 安徽巢湖地区中-晚更新世古人类对大石片的生产与加工[J]. 人类学学报, 2025, 44(05): 874-883.

ZHAN Shijia, DONG Zhe, YI Shuangwen. Production and processing of large flakes by hominins during the Middle to Late Pleistocene in the Chaohu Lake Region, Anhui Province[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2025, 44(05): 874-883.

图/表 6

图1 巢湖地区20世纪八九十年代发现的旧石器遗址地理位置示意图

Fig.1 Geographic location of Paleolithic sites discovered in the CLR in 1980s and 1990s

图2 巢湖地区20世纪八九十年代发现的大石核 1. CH88318；2.CH88184C；3.CH88309

Fig.2 Large core discovered in the CLR during the 1980-1990s

图3 巢湖地区20世纪八九十年代发现的大石片 1.CH8716；2.CH88291；3.CH8862；4.CH883；5.CH8865；6.CH881；7.CH8867；8.CH88292C；9.CH88187C

Fig.3 Large flakes discovered in the CLR during the 1980-1990s

表1 巢湖地区20世纪八九十年代发现的大石核

Tab.1 Large cores discovered in the CLR during the 1980-1990s

编号No.	长length /L(cm)	宽breadth /b(cm)	厚thickness /d(cm)	质量mass(g)	台面platform/n		剥片技术flaking method	片疤数scars/n	片疤长宽 L×b/(cm)	台面角 Angle
编号No.	长length /L(cm)	宽breadth /b(cm)	厚thickness /d(cm)	质量mass(g)	自然cortex	有疤scar	剥片技术flaking method	片疤数scars/n	片疤长宽 L×b/(cm)	台面角 Angle
CH88056A	12.5	12.4	10.9	1830	2	2	SS	1	10.5×11.1	90°
CH88108B	13.8	12.5	9.1	1355	1	1	SS	1	10.0×5.7	80°
CH88144B	13.9	13.7	10.2	2775	2	/	SS	1	10.0×8.1	75°
CH88184C	14.8	14.7	11.0	2250	2	/	SS	2	10.9×5.8; 10.0×6.6	90°
CH88194C	11.8	10.3	6.5	455	1	/	SS或CO	1	6.6×10.4	125°
CH88-309	17.6	13.5	12.1	3995	1	1	SS	2	16.7×11.0; 10.7×5.6	100°
CH88-318	21.0	15.1	14.8	8080	1	/	SS	2	13.1×10.7; 12.8×8.0	80°
CHP88-6	10.8	8.1	4.2	345	2	1	SS	1	10.1×4.4	100°

图4 巢湖地区20世纪八九十年代发现的阿舍利大型工具 1. CH873，巨型锯齿刃器Massive denticulate；2, 4. CH8728，手斧Handaxe；3. CH8711，巨型刮削器Massive scraper；5. CH88155B，薄刃斧Cleaver；6. CH88295，巨型锯齿刃器Massive denticulate

Fig.4 Acheulean large tools discovered in the CLR during the 1980-1990s

图5 巢湖望城岗附近王家坳、柳家2号地点地层堆积与OSL采样位置 a. 巢湖地区不同级阶地旧石器遗址分布示意图Schematic diagram of the distribution of Paleolithic sites at different levels of terraces in the Chaohu area；b. 王家坳地点地层堆积与OSL采样位置The stratigraphic accumulation and OSL sampling location at Wangjia'ao site；c. 王家坳地点地层堆积示意图Schematic diagram of stratigraphic accumulation at Wangjia'ao site；d.柳家2号地点地层堆积示意图Schematic diagram of geological accumulation at Liujia No.2 location

Fig.5 Deposit and OSL dating position of Wangjia'ao and Liujia 2 Localities, nearby Wangchenggang in the CLR

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