安徽东至华龙洞哺乳动物化石新材料

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0066

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

安徽华龙洞遗址的1号地点是近些年来中国境内发现的最重要的中更新世晚期古人类化石地点。该遗址发现于1988年，自2017年之后，动物群名单中新增加了如下属种：仰鼻猴属(未定种)、犬属(未定种)、武陵山大熊猫、豹、云豹、柯氏豹猫、华龙林狸、果子狸、食蟹獴、最后斑鬣狗、马属(未定种)、斯迪凡犀属(未定种)、水鹿、獐及鬣羚等；还增添了更多更完好的化石标本，例如黑熊、巴氏大熊猫、虎、葛氏斑鹿、李氏野猪及大额牛等，后两者代表了各自目前所知的最大个体；华龙洞的棕熊、马、李氏野猪和大角鹿代表了各自在中国大陆东部地区最靠南的化石分布。目前，华龙洞遗址出土的哺乳动物化石已多达93种。此外，武陵山大熊猫的发现使得华龙洞遗址动物群的时代变得复杂起来，因为该种大熊猫之前仅发现于早更新世晚期地层，与华龙洞遗址的形成时间不一致，这很可能与新老地层混杂有关。华龙洞动物群的优势种是大额牛和鹿类动物，这与湖北白龙洞遗址的情况十分相似。

关键词: 新化石材料, 哺乳动物, 华龙洞, 中更新世

Abstract:

The Hualongdong site (Hualongdong Loc.1) in Dongzhi County, Anhui Province is the most important fossil site of mid-Pleistocene Homo found in China in recent years. The Hualongdong site was discovered in 1988 and has undergone 9 formal excavations in 2006, 2014~2016, 2017~2019 and 2023 respectively. The mammalian fossils unearthed during the periods 2014~2016 have been preliminarily reported; Since 2017 onward, a large number of mammal fossils have been discovered, and more species have been added to the fauna list: Rhinopithecus sp., Canis sp., Ailuropoda wulingshanensis, Panthera pardus, Neofelis nebulosa, Prionailurus kurteni, Prionodon hualongensis, Paguma larvata, Urva urva, Crocuta ultima, Equus sp., Stephanorhinus sp., Rusa unicorlor, Hydropotes sp. and Capricornis sp. At present, there are as many as 93 species, including undetermined species of mammals have been recognized from the Hualongdong site. More and more complete fossil specimens have been added to the previously reported genera and species, such as the Ursus thibetanus, Ailuropoda baconi, Panthera tigris, Sus lydekkeri, Cervus grayi, and Bos (Bibos) sp., among which Sus lydekkeri and Bos (Bibos) sp. have the largest body sizes for their kinds ever known. The fossils of brown bear (Ursus arctos), horse (Equus sp.), Lydekker's pig (Sus lydekkeri) and giant deer (Sinomegaceros sp.) from Hualongdong represent the southernmost occurrence of their kinds in eastern China, and they are more frequently recovered in the northern faunas. The age of the fauna of the Hualongdong site is complicated by the discovery of the fossil of Ailuropoda wulingshanensis, because this species was only found in the late Early Pleistocene sites, which is obviously inconsistent with the formation time (ca. 300 ka) of the Hualongdong site as currently dated. The explanation for this phenomenon is most likely due to the collapse and re-accumulation of the original cave deposits, resulting in a mixture of old and new strata. The dominant species of the Hualongdong fauna are gaurs and diverse cervids, which are very similar to those of the Bailongdong fauna in Hubei Province. The Hualongdong fauna is different from that of the nearby Hexian Man Site in the lackness of gaurs in the latter. In general, the dominant species of the Hualongdong fauna is comparable to the Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna of Middle Pleistocene in southern China, but with a few invaders from the North, which suggests a relatively cold substage at which the Hualongdong Man once experienced. The Hualongdong fauna is different from the Late Pleistocene fauna of southern China, the latter is usually dominated by the Sus scrofa-cervids assemblage.

Key words: New fossils, mammals, Hualongdong, Middle Pleistocene

中图分类号:

Q915.87

同号文, 江左其杲, 李强, 常美静, 刘博轩, 金泽田. 安徽东至华龙洞哺乳动物化石新材料[J]. 人类学学报, 2025, 44(05): 779-798.

TONG Haowen, JIANGZUO Qigao, LI Qiang, CHANG Meijing, LIU Boxuan, JIN Zetian. New mammalian fossils from the Hualongdong site in Dongzhi County, Anhui[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2025, 44(05): 779-798.

图/表 10

图1 猴科、犬科及熊科动物化石 a-c.猕猴Macaca mulatta；a1-a2, 头骨skull；b1-b2, 雄性右上犬齿male right upper canine；c，雄性右下犬齿male right lower canine。d-e.仰鼻猴属(未定种) Rhinopithecus sp.；d, 左left M3；e, 右right M3。f-i.巴氏大熊猫Ailuropoda baconi；f, 右上颌right maxilla with P4-M2；g, 左下颌left mandible with m1-3；h, 下颌骨带齿列mandible with teeth (IVPP V 34057)；i1-i2, 左跟骨left calcaneus。j.武陵山大熊猫Ailuropoda wulingshanensis；右right m2。k-l.黑熊Ursus thibetanus；k, 左left P4；l, 左下颊齿left p4-m3。m-o.棕熊Ursus arctos；m1-m2, 左left P4；n, 右下颌残段partial right mandible with m2；o1-o2, 右跟骨right calcaneus。p-q.犬属(未定种) Canis sp.；p, 左left M1；q, 左left m1。a1.侧视lateral view；a2.腹视ventral view；b1.前视anterior view；b2, m2.舌侧视lingual views；c.颊侧视buccal view；d-e, f-g, j-l, m1, n, p-q.冠面视occlusal views；i2, o1.背视dorsal views；i1, o2.腹视plantar views. 比例尺代表10 mm, scale bars equal 10 mm

Fig.1 Fossils of cercopithecids, canids and ursids

表1 华龙洞熊科动物跟骨和距骨测量数据及与相关现生属种的比较 (mm)

Tab.1 Dimensions of calcaneus and astragalus of ursids from HLD, compared with those of the related extant species

解剖部位Elements ↓	属种Taxa →	巴氏大熊猫Ailuropoda baconi	大熊猫现生种Ailuropoda melaneus	黑熊Ursus thibetanus		棕熊Ursus arctos
解剖部位Elements ↓	来源Sources →	华龙洞00133	IVPP OV 1236	IVPP C/043	华龙洞	IVPP OV2101	华龙洞
跟骨Calcaneus	L	60.66	67.3~68.8	80.6	-	90.9	93.1
跟骨Calcaneus	W	39.05	39.4~39.6	51.2	-	55.2	59.5
距骨Astragalus	L	-	47.3~47.4	45.2	42	53.4	54
距骨Astragalus	W	-	36.5~37.7	49.9	39	54.2	46

图2 猫形亚目动物化石 a-c.虎Panthera tigris, a, 左上犬齿left canine；b1-b2，左left P4；c1-c2, 右下颌残段partial right mandible with p3-m1。d-e.云豹(未定种) Neofelis sp., d1-d2, 右上犬齿right C；e1-e2, 左left P4。f-h.中国硕鬣狗Pachycrocuta sinensis, f1-f2, 右 right P4；g, 右right m1；h1-h2, 左跟骨left calcaneus。i1-i2.大灵猫(未定种) Viverra sp., 左下颌partial left mandible with p3-m1。J.果子狸Paguma lavarta, 右下颌残段partial right mandible with p4-m1。a, b1, c1, d2, e1.颊侧视buccal views；b2, c2, e2, f2, g, j.冠面视occlussal views；d1.舌侧视lingual views；h1.腹视plantar view；h2.背视dorsal view. 比例尺代表10 mm, scale bars equal 10 mm

Fig.2 Fossils of feliforms

图3 剑齿象科和角形亚目奇蹄类化石 a-d.剑齿象Stegodon orientalis; a-b, 上乳门齿DI2 (IVPP V 34058)；c, 右上颌带right DP3；d, 左距骨left astragalus。e-f.巨貘Megatapirus augustus; e1-e3, 左距骨left astragalus (IVPP V 34059)；f1-f3, 中趾第三趾节骨 3rd or distal phalanx of 3rd finger。g1-g3.苏门犀Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, 左距骨left astragalus。h-j.斯迪凡犀(未定种) Stephanorhinus sp.; h, 左left P3；i1-i2, 右right p2；j1-j3, 左距骨left astragalus。a1, b1.颊视buccal views；a2, c, h, i1.冠视occlusal views；b2,前视anterior views；d1, e1, f1, g1, j1.背视dorsal views；d2, e2, f2, j2.腹视plantar views；f3.近端视proximal view；e3, g3, j3.远端视distal views；i2. 舌侧视lingual view。CF: 骰骨关节面cuboid facet；NF: 舟骨关节面navicular facet；SF: 载距突关节面sustentacular facet。比例尺代表20 mm / scale bars equal 20 mm.

Fig.3 Fossils of stegodontid and ceratomorphs

图4 马属（未定种）及猪科动物化石 a-e.马属（未定种）Equus sp.; a1-a2, 右下right p3；b1-b2, 左left P3 or P4；c1-c3, 左上left I3；d1-d4, 左距骨left astragalus；e1-e3, 右第三蹠骨right Mt III。f-k.李氏野猪Sus lydekkeri; f1-f4, 雄性右下犬齿male right lower canine；g, 雄性右下犬齿male right lower canine；h1-h2, 雄性左上犬齿male left upper canine (IVPP V 34060)；i1-i2, 雌性右上犬齿 female right upper canine；j, 左left M2-3；k, 左left m3。l.野猪 Sus scrofa; 右right m3。a1, b1, c3, j-l.冠面视occlusal views；a2, b2, f2. 颊侧视buccal views；c1. 唇侧视labial view；c2.舌侧视lingual view；f1, g. 前舌侧视anterolingual views；f3, h2. 后侧视posterior views；f4. 横截面cross-section；h1, i2. 下侧视inferior views；i1.背视dorsal view；e1. 前视anterior view；e2. 后视posterior view；d2. 腹视plantar view；d3, e3. 近端视proximal views；d4. 远端视distal view. 比例尺代表10 mm / scale bars equal 10 mm；c3, e3. 局部放大expanded not to scale

Fig.4 Fossils of Equus sp. and suids

图5 反刍类动物化石 a. 反刍类齿冠结构术语，以麝左m3为例left m3 of Moschus to show the dental terms for ruminants。b1-b2. 獐Hydropotes sp.，雄性右上犬齿male right upper canine。c-d.葛氏斑鹿Cervus grayi; c.上颌maxilla with P2-M3 of both sides；d. 右下颌right mandible with p2-m3。 e1-e2. 赤麂Muntiacus muntjak，雄性右上犬齿male right upper canine。f-i. 水鹿Rusa unicolor; f. 左上颌left maxilla with DP2-4; g. 右right M2；h1-h4. 右下颌right mandible with p3-m3; i1-i3. 左left m3。 j1-j2.中国大角鹿(未定种) Sinomegaceros sp., partial left mandible with m2。k1-k2. 鬣羚(未定种) Capricornis sp., 右right M3。l. 大额牛Bos (Bibos) sp., 右下颊齿列right p2-m3。 a, c, d, f, g, h4, i1, j1, k1, l. 冠面视occlusal views；b1, h2, i3, k2. 舌侧视lingual views；b2, e1, i2, h1. 颊侧视buccal views；e2, 远中侧视distal view；h3. 腹视inferior view; j2, 近中侧视mesial view。比例尺代表20 mm / scale bars equal 20 mm。a, 局部放大expanded not to scale

Fig.5 Fossils of ruminants

表2 中国大角鹿下颌骨测量数据及与现生水鹿的比较 (mm)

Tab.2 Dimensions of mandibles of Sinomegaceros species, compared with that of Rusa unicolor

属种名Taxa	地点Locality	下颌骨在m3中叶处厚度/Mandible thickness under m3	下颌骨在m3中叶处舌侧高度/Mandible lingual height under m3	厚度指数 (t/h×100) Pachyostosis index	出处Sources
Sinomegaceros sp.	华龙洞	26.9*	?(缺损)	-	本文
Megaloceros ordosianus	萨拉乌苏	36.3~40.7	47.5~48.6	74.7-85.7	[60]
Megaloceros sp.	周口店第3地点	28.5	44.1	64.6	[59]
Sinomegaceros sp.	丁村98地点	24.2*	46.1*	-	[35]
Sinomegaceros cf. ordosianus	丁村96地点	24~32*	40*	-	[35]
Megaloceros pachyosteus	大荔人地点	38 (36~40)	46 (44~48)	82.6 (81.8~83.3)	[61]
Megaloceros pachyosteus	南京葫芦洞小洞	36.1(32~45.3)	47.4(43.5~52.8)	76.2	[46]
Megaloceros pachyosteus	周口店第1地点	41.3 (29.6~51.9)	51.2 (43~61.8)	80.3 (64.1~91.1)	[57]
Megaloceros konwanlinensis	蓝田公王岭	43.7	54.8	79.7	[62]
Megaloceros flabellatus	周口店第13地点	36.4 (35~40)	46.7 (44~49)	77.9 (72.9~81.6)	[63]
Rusa unicolor	现生(VO 567)	22.1	38.1	58	本文

表3 獐和麝雄性上犬齿测量 (mm)

Tab.3 Dimensions of male upper canines of Hydropotes and Moschus

属种Taxa	麝Moschus moschiferus			獐 Hydropotes inermis
遗址Site	IVPP OV 474 Extant	周口店田园洞Tianyuandong	北京十渡太平洞Xitaipingdong	IVPP OV 067 Extant	安徽和县Hexian	西安半坡Banpo	安阳殷墟Yinxu	浙江河姆渡Hemudu	河南新蔡Xincai
长L	76	75.5	60.6~62.5	67	66	58~70	72	63	62.5
宽W	8.2	8.2	9.8	12.2	11	10.2~12.5	11	10.5	11
出处Sources	[64]	[64]	[65]	本文	[47]	[66]	[67]	[68]	[69]

表4 大额牛、原始牛及水牛下颊齿列长度比较 (mm)

Tab.4 Comparisons in cheek tooth series length among Bibos, Bos and Bubalus

属种Taxa	大额牛属(未定种)Bos (Bibos) sp.	大额牛Bos (Bibos) gaurus	谷氏大额牛Bibos gaurus grangeri	原始牛Bos primigenius		水牛Bubalus bubalis
遗址Site	华龙洞Hualongdong	白龙洞Bailongdong	盐井沟 Yanjinggou	阳原丁家堡Dingjiabao	欧洲丹麦 Denmark	盐井沟 Yanjinggou
地质时代Age	Ca. 0.3 Ma	0.5 Ma	中更新世	晚更新世	新石器时代	中更新世
p2-m3 长度length	172	136.1~149.8	142~172	168.1*	158~194 (172.3)	165~178
出处Source	本文	[72]	[18]	[73]	[74]	[18]

图6 我国几种北方动物迁徙的最南界

Fig.6 Southermost occurrences of selected boreal mammals in China

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