宁夏鸽子山遗址第10地点出土动物骨骼的埋藏学初步观察

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0019

人类学学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (02): 232-244.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0019

宁夏鸽子山遗址第10地点出土动物骨骼的埋藏学初步观察

张双权¹^,²^,³(), 彭菲¹^,², 张乐¹^,², 郭家龙⁴, 王惠民⁴, 黄超¹^,³, 戴静雯⁵, 张钰哲⁵, 高星¹^,²^,³

1.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室, 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044
2.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心, 北京 100044
3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
4.宁夏文物考古研究所, 银川 750001
5.吉林大学,长春 130012

收稿日期:2018-08-16 修回日期:2019-02-13 出版日期:2019-05-15 发布日期:2020-09-10
作者简介:张双权（1972-）,男,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所副研究员,主要从事埋藏学与旧石器时代动物考古学研究。E-mail: zhangshuangquan@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目(41672023);国家自然科学基金面上项目(41772025);国家文物局“ 宁夏鸽子山考古发掘” 项目;中国科学院古生物化石发掘与修理专项

Taphonomic observation of faunal remains from the Gezishan Locality 10 in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

ZHANG Shuangquan¹^,²^,³(), PENG Fei¹^,², ZHANG Yue¹^,², GUO Jialong⁴, WANG Huimin⁴, HUANG Chao¹^,³, DAI Jingwen⁵, ZHANG Yuzhe⁵, GAO Xing¹^,²^,³

1. Laboratory for Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of CAS at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
2. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
4. Ningxia Institute of Archaeology and Cultural relics, Yinchuan 750001
5. Jilin University, Changchun 130012

Received:2018-08-16 Revised:2019-02-13 Online:2019-05-15 Published:2020-09-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

宁夏鸽子山遗址第10 地点（QG10）位于青铜峡市西北约20 km的贺兰山南麓。2014-2017年,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所与宁夏文物考古研究所联合组队对该遗址进行了发掘,出土大量动物化石、近万件石制品以及装饰品、骨制品、结构性火塘等。本项研究基于遗址第4层出土动物化石的埋藏学初步观察认为:晚更新世末期的古人类是遗址中动物骨骼的富集者和改造者;QG10的狩猎-采集人群采取狩猎而非主动食腐的方式获取了遗址附近的大中型食草类动物,并将其完整搬运至遗址内进行后续的肢解、食肉与敲骨取髓等营养性处理过程。相对于上述动物种类而言,遗址内的小型动物则是在其营养物质之外,古人类还利用了它们的骨骼材料以制作器型规整的骨角类工具。

关键词: 鸽子山遗址, 埋藏学, 动物考古学, 旧石器时代, 古人类行为适应

Abstract:

Located in the foothills of Helan Mountain, roughly 20 km to the northwest of Qingtongxia City, locality 10(QG10) of the Gezishan site was systematically excavated in 2014-2017. Along with thousands of lithic tools of microblade technology and dozens of perforated beads and bone artifacts, a large number of faunal remains was recovered from the site. Based on preliminary observations of taphonomic features of the animal bones identifiable to a specific taxon and/or skeletal element from the site, it could be argued that humans are the main agent responsible for the accumulation and modification of the faunal remains at QG10, and they procured the main prey animals through active hunting rather than aggressive scavenging. In addition, hunter-gatherers transported complete carcasses to the site to be processed, butchering the middle/large-sized animals and breaking open their bones mainly for nutritional purposes. However, it seems clear that in addition to their nutritional value, small animals at the site were probably exploited to manufacture bone artifacts as well.

Key words: Gezishan site, Taphonomy, Zooarchaeology, Paleolithic, Adaptive strategy

中图分类号:

K871.12

张双权, 彭菲, 张乐, 郭家龙, 王惠民, 黄超, 戴静雯, 张钰哲, 高星. 宁夏鸽子山遗址第10地点出土动物骨骼的埋藏学初步观察[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(02): 232-244.

ZHANG Shuangquan, PENG Fei, ZHANG Yue, GUO Jialong, WANG Huimin, HUANG Chao, DAI Jingwen, ZHANG Yuzhe, GAO Xing. Taphonomic observation of faunal remains from the Gezishan Locality 10 in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(02): 232-244.

图/表 8

图1 宁夏鸽子山遗址第10 地点（QG10）的地理位置

Fig.1 Geographic location of the Gezishan site(QG10)

图2 QG10出土的各动物种属代表性标本 1. 兔右侧下颌 (right mandible , Lepus sp.）;2. 普氏原羚角 (horn corn, Procapra przewalskii);3. 狐左上M1 (left M1, Vulpes sp.);4. 鹿的上臼齿 (upper molar, Cervus sp.);5. 鸟类的股骨(femur, Aves);6. 马的右下颊齿(right lower molar, Equus przewalskyi)

Fig.2 Animal species from QG10

表1 鸽子山遗址出土各动物种属的数量统计

Tab.1 Counts of animal species from QG10

	鸟类 Aves	兔 Lepussp.	狐 Vulpessp.	普氏原羚 Procapra przewalskii	鹿类 Cervussp.	普氏野马 Equus przewalskyi	小计 Sum	牙齿碎片 Tooth fragments	总计 Total
NISP	4	103	30	74	150	279	640	89	729
MNI	2	6	1	2	2	7			20

图3 QG10出土动物骨骼风化级别

Fig.3 Weathering degrees of the animal bones from QG10

图4 QG10出土动物骨骼的表面改造痕迹（其中1、3、8的比例尺为1 mm,其他的为1 cm） 1. 图2 方框内部切割痕迹放大 (inset of no. 2, denotes details of cut marks);2. 具切割痕迹的标本 (cut marks);3. 图6 方框内部敲砸痕迹放大(inset of no.6, denotes details of percussion marks);4. 具食肉类啃咬痕迹的标本 (carnivore tooth marks);5. 具生物腐蚀痕迹的标本 (microbial bioerosion marks);6. 具敲砸痕迹的标本 (percussion marks);7. 具烧烤痕迹与切割痕迹的标本(bones bearing both cut marks and thermal alterations);8. 图7 方框内部切割痕迹放大 (inset of no. 7, denotes details of cut marks)

Fig.4 Surface modifications on animal bones from QG10

表2 切割痕迹在普氏野马和鹿类肢骨上的分布

Tab.2 Frequency of cut marks across bone elements

	上部肢骨 Upper limbs	中部肢骨 Middle limbs	下部肢骨 Lower limbs
鹿类Cervus sp.	6（66.67%）	1（11.11%）	2（22.22%）
普氏野马Equus przewalskyi	4（23.53%）	11（64.71%）	2（11.76%）

图5 QG10出土管状骨骨干周长保存状况

Fig.5 Circumferential ratios of the limb bones from QG10

图6 QG10出土动物的骨骼单元分布（%MAU）

Fig.6 Bone element abundance of the animal species from QG10（%MAU）

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宁夏鸽子山遗址第10地点出土动物骨骼的埋藏学初步观察

Taphonomic observation of faunal remains from the Gezishan Locality 10 in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

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