湖北郧西白龙洞中更新世古人类遗址的哺乳动物化石

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0064

人类学学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (04): 613-640.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0064

湖北郧西白龙洞中更新世古人类遗址的哺乳动物化石

同号文¹^,²^,^*(), 张贝¹^,²^,³, 武仙竹⁴, 屈胜明⁵

1. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室北京 100044
2. 中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心北京 100044
3. 中国科学院大学北京 100049
4. 重庆师范大学重庆 400047
5. 湖北郧西县文管所郧西 442600

收稿日期:2019-08-09 修回日期:2019-10-24 出版日期:2019-11-15 发布日期:2020-09-10
通讯作者: 同号文
作者简介:同号文,博士,研究员,主要从事第四纪哺乳动物化石研究。E-mail: tonghaowen@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类)(XDB26000000);国家自然科学基金项目(41572003);国家自然科学基金项目(41630102)

Mammalian fossils from the Middle Pleistocene human site of Bailongdong in Yunxi, Hubei

TONG Haowen¹^,²^,^*(), ZHANG Bei¹^,²^,³, WU Xianzhu⁴, QU Shengming⁵

1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
2. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
4. Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047
5. Cultural Relics Station of Yunxi County, Hubei 442600

Received:2019-08-09 Revised:2019-10-24 Online:2019-11-15 Published:2020-09-10
Contact: TONG Haowen

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

白龙洞是位于鄂西北部郧西县的一处出土物丰富的古人类洞穴遗址,先后在此出土了8枚古人类牙齿化石、若干石制品和骨制品及大量哺乳动物化石。但有关白龙洞遗址的形成时间却一直存在争议,主要原因之一是动物群没有得到充分研究。基于郧西县文管所和中科院古脊椎所收藏标本,本文首次对白龙洞历年出土的哺乳动物化石进行了综合研究;研究结果表明,白龙洞动物群由32种（含未定种）哺乳动物组成,优势属种是谷氏大额牛、岩羊、野猪及各种鹿类(水鹿、斑鹿、麂、毛冠鹿);此外,还有豪猪、竹鼠、变异狼、貉、豺、猪獾、黑熊、大熊猫、中国硕鬣狗、锯齿剑齿虎、虎、豹、金猫、云豹、剑齿象、苏门犀、梅氏犀、巨貘、鬣羚及水牛等;该动物群缺乏猴类动物,并且豪猪化石也很少,这与其所处的时空位置很不相符;但总体面貌属于大熊猫-剑齿象动物群。白龙洞的大熊猫、中国硕鬣狗、猪獾、虎及巨貘的牙齿测量数值均达到或接近我国各自记录的最大值。白龙洞动物群组成与盐井沟动物群及南京猿人动物群最为接近;从动物群组合及有关属种的演化阶段来综合判断,白龙洞动物群的地质时代应当是中更新世中期。

关键词: 哺乳动物, 白龙洞, 湖北郧西, 中更新世

Abstract:

Bailongdong (or Bailong Cave), a cave site of ancient humans, is positioned at Yunxi County which is located in the northwest part of Hubei Province. The principal archaeological finds from Bailongdong include 8 human teeth, a couple of stone and bone artifacts as well as numerous mammalian fossils. Whereas the geologic age of the site is still debateful so far, mainly because of the evidence from the mammalian fossils were not well explored. This study covers all the available specimens unearthed during the past four decades, which are currently reposited in the Cultural Relics Station of Yunxi County and the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of CAS. The results show that the Bailongdong fauna is composed of 32 mammalian species (including undetermined species) which is dominated by Bos(Bibos) gaurus grangeri, Pseudois nayaur, Sus lydekkeri and diversified deers (Elaphodus cephalophus, Muntiacus cf. reevesi, Muntiacus muntjak, Cervus grayi, Rusa unicolor); In addition, the following taxa are also presented: Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus sp., Ochotona sp., Leopoldamys edwardsi, Rhizomys sinensis, Hystrix subcristata, Canis mosbachensis variabilis, Cuon javanicus antiquus, Nyctereutes sinensis, Ursus thibetanus, Ailuropoda baconi, Arctonyx collaris rostratus, Pachycrocuta sinensis, Catopuma temmincki, Neofelis nebulosa, Panthera tigris, Panthera pardus, Homotherium sp., Stegodon orientalis, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis, Megatapirus augustus, Capricornis sumatraensis kanjereus and Bubalus sp., and the extinct taxa account for 43.75%; but monkeys are lacking and porcupines are few, which is unusual for its geographical and chronological positions; moreover, the general composition agrees well with that of the Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna. Such taxa of Bailongdong fauna as A. baconi, P. sinensis, A. c. rostratus, P. tigris and M. augustus nearly reached the maximum peak in dimensions of their kinds respectively. Based on the faunal composition and evolutionary levels, the age of Bailongdong fauna should correspond to the Middle Pleistocene, which is very close to the Yanjinggou fauna and the fauna of the Nanjing Man site.

Key words: Mammalian fossils, Bailongdong, Yunxi of Hubei, Middle Pleistocene

中图分类号:

Q915

同号文, 张贝, 武仙竹, 屈胜明. 湖北郧西白龙洞中更新世古人类遗址的哺乳动物化石[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(04): 613-640.

TONG Haowen, ZHANG Bei, WU Xianzhu, QU Shengming. Mammalian fossils from the Middle Pleistocene human site of Bailongdong in Yunxi, Hubei[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(04): 613-640.

图/表 7

图1 中国南北过渡带的早期人类化石点及白龙洞遗址的地理位置 1. 蓝田陈家窝(Chenjiawo);2. 蓝田公王岭(Gongwangling);3. 洛南龙牙洞(Longyadong);4. 栾川孙家洞(Sunjiadong);5. 南召云阳(Yunyang);6. 淅川(Xichuan);7. 郧西白龙洞(Bailongdong);8. 郧县曲远河口(Quyuanhekou);9. 郧县梅铺(Meipu);10. 巢县银山(Yinshan);11. 和县龙潭洞(Longtandong);12. 南京葫芦洞(Huludong);13. 东至华龙洞(Hualongdong);14. 建始龙骨洞(Longgudong);15. 巫山龙骨坡(Longgupo);16. 长阳人地点(Changyang);17. 贵州观音洞(Guanyindong); 18. 元谋人地点(Yuanmou);19. 繁昌人字洞(Renzidong)

Fig.1 Location map of Bailongdong and other early human sites in the adjacent regions

图2 白龙洞的小哺乳动物化石 1, 斯氏长翼蝠Miniopterus schreibersii, 右下颌骨带p2~m3,IVPP V 26141;2, 菊头蝠属(未定种) Rhinolophus sp., 左下颌骨带p4~m3,IVPP V 26142;3, 鼠兔属(未定种) Ochotona sp., 右下颌骨带m1~3,IVPP V 26143;4, 艾氏巨鼠Leopoldamys edwardsi, 左上颌骨带M1~2,IVPP V 26144;5~7,中华竹鼠 Rhizomys sinensis,5, 左M2, IVPP V 26145.1;6, 左M2, IVPP V 26145.2;7, 左m3,IVPP V 26145.3;8~9, 无颈鬃豪猪Hystrix subcristata, 8. 左上颌骨带M2~3, IVPP V 26146.1; 9,左M2, IVPP V 26146.2. 1a, 2a, 3a, 5a, 7a, 8c, 颊侧视;1b, 2b, 3b, 4, 5b, 7b, 8b, 9b, 冠面视;1c, 3c, 5c, 6, 8a, 舌侧视.

Fig.2 Micromammals from Bailongdong

图3 白龙洞的食肉类化石 1~2. 变异狼Canis mosbachensis variabilis, 1. 左m1, YXM-001; 2. 左M1, IVPP V 26147; 3~5. 古爪哇豺 Cuon javanicus antiquus, 3. 右上颌带M1~2, IVPP V 26148.1; 4. 右P4, IVPP V 26148.2; 5. 左m1, IVPP V 26148.3; 6. 中华(中国)貉 Nyctereutes sinensis,右上颌带P4~M1, IVPP V 26149; 7~12. 突吻猪獾Arctonyx collaris rostratus, 7. 右上颌带P4, IVPP V 26150.1; 8. 右M1, IVPP V 26150.2; 9. 左M1, IVPP V 26150.3; 10. 右下颌骨带m1, IVPP V 26150.4; 11. 左m1,IVPP V 26150.5; 12. 右m1, IVPP V 26150.6; 13~18. 黑熊Ursus thibetanus, 13. 左P4, IVPP V 26151.1; 14. 右M1, IVPP V 26151.2; 15. 右M2, IVPP V 26151.3; 16. 右m1, IVPP V 26151.4; 17. 右m2, IVPP V 26151.5; 18. 左m3,IVPP V 26151.6; 19~21. 巴氏大熊猫Ailuropoda baconi, 19,左m1,IVPP V 26152.1; 20. 左m2,IVPP V 26152.2; 21. 左m3,IVPP V 26152.3; 22~23. 金猫Catopuma temmincki, 22. 右P4, IVPP V 26153.1; 23. 右m1, IVPP V 26153.2; 24~25. 云豹Neofelis nebulosa,24. 右P4, IVPP V 26154.1; 25. 左m1,IVPP V 26154.2; 26~28. 最后似剑齿虎 Homotherium ultimus, 26. 残破左P4, IVPP V 26155.1; 27. 右p4, IVPP V 26155.2; 28. 右跟骨,IVPP V 26155.3.1a, 10, 22a, 23, 24a, 25, 26a, 27a, 颊侧视; 1b, 27b, 舌侧视;1c~9, 11~22b, 24b, 冠面视; 26b, 28a, 前视; 28b, 后视; 28c, 内侧视; 28d, 外侧视. 无刻度的比例尺均代表10 mm.

Fig. 3 Carnivores from Bailongdong

图4 白龙洞的鬣狗及大型猫科动物化石 1~7, 14. 中国硕鬣狗 Pachycrocuta sinensis,1. 残破头骨带部分门齿和左右颊齿,IVPP V 26158.1;2. 左下颌骨带c, p2~m1, IVPP V 26158.2; 3. 右dp4, IVPP V 26158.3; 4. 右P4,IVPP V 26158.4;5. 右p4,IVPP V 26158.5;6. 右m1,IVPP V 26158.6;7. 右m1,IVPP V 26158.7; 14. 左DP3, V 26158.8; 8~12. 虎Panthera tigris, 8. 左下颌骨带c, p3~m1,YXM-002;9. 左C,YXM-003;10. 右P4,IVPP V 26156.1;11. 右p4,IVPP V 26156.2;12. 右m1,IVPP V 26156.3; 13. 豹Panthera pardus,左下颌骨带p3-4, IVPP V 26157. 2a, 4b, 5b, 6b, 8a, 9, 10b, 11, 12b, 13, 颊侧视; 2b, 7, 8b, 舌侧视;1, 2c, 3, 4a, 5a, 6a, 8c, 10a, 12a, 14, 冠面视;无刻度的比例尺均代表10 mm.

Fig.4 Hyena and big cats from Bailongdong

图5 白龙洞的长鼻类、奇蹄类及猪科化石

Fig. 5 Proboscidean, perissodactyls and suids from Bailongdong 1~3. 东方剑齿象Stegodon orientalis, 1. 右 DP2, IVPP V 26159.1; 2. 右 DP2, IVPP V 26159.2; 3. 左DI2, IVPP V 26159.3; 4~6. 苏门犀Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, 4. 右I1, IVPP V 26160.1; 5. 左i2, IVPP V 26160.2; 6. 右股骨, IVPP V 26161.5; 7~12. 基什贝尔格犀Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis, 7. 右M2, IVPP V 26161.1; 8. 右M2, IVPP V 26161.2; 9. 左DP1, IVPP V 26161.3; 10. 右dp1, YXM-004; 11. 右Mc III, YXM-005;12. 右距骨, IVPP V 26161.4;13~17. 华南巨貘Megatapirus augustus, 13. 右P4, IVPP V 26162.1; 14. 左M1, IVPP V 26162.2; 15. 右p4, IVPP V 26162.3; 16. 下颌联合部带左i1~c和右i1~2, c, IVPP V 26162.4; 17. 右距骨, IVPP V 26162.5;18~23. 李氏野猪Sus lydekkeri, 18. 左C (♂) , IVPP V 26163.1; 19. 左C (♀) , IVPP V 26163.2; 20. 左M3, IVPP V 26163.3; 21. 右侧下颌骨带下颌联合部, IVPP V 26163.4; 22. 左m3, IVPP V 26163.5;23. 左I2,IVPP V 26163.6.3, 4a, 7, 16b, 21b, 颊侧视; 1~2, 4b, 5a, 8~10, 13~15, 20, 22, 冠面视; 6, 12, 17a, 前视; 17b, 18, 后视; 23, 唇侧视; 5b, 16a, 背视; 5c, 17b, 19, 腹视; 11, 近端视. 无刻度的比例尺均代表10 mm.

图6 野猪雄性个体下犬齿定向示意图 1.猪科动物下犬齿截面类型(修改自Fujita et al., 2000)[91];2. 现生野猪下颌骨,冠面视;3.白龙洞的李氏野猪右下犬齿,IVPP V 26162.7.;3a. 舌侧面; 3b. 横截面.

Fig.6. The orientation of the lower canine of male wild boar (Sus scrofa)

图7 华龙洞的反刍类化石 1. 毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus, 左m3, IVPP V 26164; 2~3. 小麂 Muntiacus cf. reevesi, 2. 左角, IVPP V 26165.1;3. 左下颌骨残段带m3, IVPP V 26165.2; 4~5. 赤麂 Muntiacus muntjak, 4. 右角带角柄, IVPP V 26166.1;5. 左下颌骨带p3~m3, IVPP V 26166.2; 6~7. 葛氏斑鹿 Cervus grayi, 6. 左下颌骨带p2~m3, IVPP V 26167.1; 7. 右Mc III+IV, IVPP V 26167.2; 8~11. 水鹿 Rusa unicolor, 8. 左M2, IVPP V 26168.1;9. 左下颌骨残段带p3~m1, IVPP V 26168.2; 10. 左下颌骨残段带m2-3, IVPP V 26168.3; 11. 右m3, IVPP V 26168.4; 12~17. 岩羊属(未定种) Pseudois sp., 12. 右M2, IVPP V 26169.1; 13. 左上颌骨残段带M2~3, IVPP V 26169.2;14. 右M3, IVPP V 26169.3;15. 左下颌骨残段带p3~4, IVPP V 26169.4; 16. 右下颌骨残段带m2~3, IVPP V 26169.5; 17. 左m3, IVPP V 26169.6;18. 大鬣羚 Capricornis sumatraensis kanjereus,右m3, IVPP V 26170;19~23. 大额牛（未定种） Bos (Bibos) sp., 19. 右上颌骨带P3~M3, IVPP V 26171.1; 20. 左上颌带P4~M3, IVPP V 26171.2; 21. 左m3, IVPP V 26171.3;22. 右Mc III+IV, IVPP V 26171.4; 23. 左跟骨, IVPP V 26171.5;24. 水牛（未定种）Bubalus sp., 右Mc III+IV, IVPP V 26172. 8a, 11a, 18b, 19, 21a, 颊侧视; 16, 18a, 21b, 舌侧视; 1, 3, 5, 6, 8b, 9, 10, 11b, 12~15, 17, 18c, 20, 21c, 冠面视; 2, 4, 7, 22a, 23, 24a, 前视; 24b, 后视; 22b, 24c, 近端视. 无刻度的比例尺均代表20 mm.

Fig.7 Fossil ruminants from Hualong Cave

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湖北郧西白龙洞中更新世古人类遗址的哺乳动物化石

Mammalian fossils from the Middle Pleistocene human site of Bailongdong in Yunxi, Hubei

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