广西隆安娅怀洞遗址发掘报告

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0046

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

娅怀洞遗址位于广西隆安县乔建镇博浪村博浪屯的一座孤山上。是一处跨越旧、新石器时代的洞穴遗址，以旧石器时代文化堆积为主。2015~2018年，广西文物保护与考古研究所进行了发掘，分为A、B、C、D四个发掘区，总揭露面积50 m²。发现旧石器时代墓葬、人类化石和用火遗迹，出土了数以万计的文化遗物及动植物遗存。本文报道的文化遗物主要是原生地层出土的（不含扰土层），包括打制石器、磨制石器、骨器、蚌器、陶器等，以打制石器为大宗。打制石器制品的原料多样，以石英砂岩、玻璃陨石为主。采用锤击法和砸击法剥片，石器的修理以锤击法为主。石核以单台面为主，存在修理台面。石器多用石片制作，以单面加工为主，修理简单。石器类型有砍砸器、刮削器、尖状器、凹缺器、锯齿刃器和石钻等，以刮削器为主，尺寸小，多在5 cm以下，总体上属于中国北方小石片石器工业传统。文化遗存可分为四期，年代在43000~4000 BP cal。娅怀洞遗址的发掘为了解广西地区晚更新世人类的体质特征及史前文化面貌、探讨华南及东南亚地区旧石器时代晚期石器技术演化提供了珍贵的实物资料。

关键词: 娅怀洞遗址, 人类头骨, 石制品, 旧石器时代晚期

Abstract:

The Yahuai Cave site is situated at a limestone tower near Bolang Village, Long’an County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, South China (107°45′35″E, 23°6′25″N). It is a prehistoric site predominantly characterized by Palaeolithic deposits. Between 2015 and 2018, the Guangxi Institute of Cultural Relic Protection and Archaeology carried out excavations at this site. Four areas, namely A, B, C, and D, were opened, with a total exposure area of 50 m². A burial containing a complete Palaeolithic human skull was discovered. A multitude of cultural remains, such as chipped stone tools, ground stone tools, shell and bone artifacts, and potsherds, were unearthed. The majority of the stone tools are made of small quartz sandstone, tektite, chert, or crystal stones, exhibiting features typical of the “core-flake industry” commonly found in North China. Three hearths and an ash pit were identified, suggesting frequent fire usage at the site. Ochres were found throughout all cultural layers, and some of them were discovered to be ground into powder. Numerous bones of terrestrial and aquatic animals were excavated. The site was dated using the AMS ¹⁴C dating method to a period between 43,000 and 4,000 BP cal. Four cultural phases were recognized, with phases 1~3 belonging to the Palaeolithic period and phase 4 to the Neolithic period.

Key words: Yahuai Cave site, human skull, stone artifacts, Late Paleolithic

中图分类号:

K871

谢光茂, 林强, 余明辉, 卢杰英. 广西隆安娅怀洞遗址发掘报告[J]. 人类学学报, 2025, 44(03): 365-388.

XIE Guangmao, LIN Qiang, YU Minghui, LU Jieying. An excavation report of the Yahuai Cave site in Long’an, Guangxi[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2025, 44(03): 365-388.

图/表 9

图1 娅怀洞遗址地理位置和遗址平剖面图 a. 遗址位置图Location of the site （底图源自1988年出版的广西壮族自治区地名委员会办公室编绘的《广西壮族自治区交通地名图册》）；b. 遗址地貌景观（西南-东北）Landscape around the site；c. 发掘区分布图Excavated areas；d. B区地层剖面图 Stratigraphy of Area B

Fig.1 Geographical location and stratigraphy of Yahuai Cave site

图2 娅怀洞遗址的遗迹、遗物 a.墓葬遗迹Burial；b.人类头骨化石Fossil human skull；c.用火遗迹Fire hearth(H)；d.稻类植硅体Phytolith Oryza-type bulliform

Fig.2 Remains from Yahuai Cave site

表1 娅怀洞遗址各发掘区遗物类型及其数量和比例

Tab.1 Quantity and frequencies of artifacts from different Areas at the Yahuai Cave site

发掘区Area → 类型Type ↓	Area A		Area B		Area C		Area D		合计Total
发掘区Area → 类型Type ↓	数量(n)quantity	占比percentage	数量(n)quantity	占比percentage	数量(n)quantity	占比percentage	数量(n)quantity	占比percentage	数量(n)quantity	占比percentage
备料 Manuport			41	1.70%			91	1.70%	132	1.66%
石锤Hammerstones			15	0.62%			16	0.30%	31	0.40%
石砧Anvils			3	0.12%			5	0.09%	8	0.10%
砺石Whetstones			1	0.04%			8	0.15%	9	0.11%
石核Cores	4	4.50%	164	6.81%	1	0.9%	212	3.96%	381	4.79%
石片Flakes	50	56.20%	917	38.07%	77	70%	2857	53.40%	3901	49%
打制石器Chipped stone	6	6.70%	219	9.09%	8	7.3%	126	2.36%	359	4.51%
磨制石器Ground stone			13	0.54%			24	0.45%	38	0.47%
使用赭石Used ochre			4	0.17%	1	0.9%	7	0.13%	12	0.15%
蚌器/骨器 Shell/bone	1	1.10%	26	1.08%			15	0.28%	42	0.53%
断块碎片Chunk/debitage	28	31.50%	996	41.34%	23	20.9%	1666	31.14%	2712	34.09%
陶片Potsherds			10	0.42			323	6.04%	333	4.19%
合计Total	89	100%	2409	100%	110	100%	5350	100%	7958	100%

图3 娅怀洞遗址A区出土的石制品和骨制品 1. 2015LYA H1:8，砸击石片Bipolar flake；2. 2015LYAT0304(3):1，VI型石片Type VI flake；3. 2015LYAT0304(6):7，刮削器Scraper；4. 2015LYAT303(7):1，骨制刮削器Bone scraper

Fig.3 Stone artifacts and bone tool from Area A of Yahuai Cave site

图4 娅怀洞遗址B区出土的石制品 1. 2016LYBT1108(10):2，方形研磨器Grinding stone；2. 2016LYBT1206(5):5，穿孔石器Perforated stone；3. 2016LYBT1006(18):23，砍砸器Chopper；4. 2016LYBT1106(20):9，砍砸器Chopper；5. 2016LYBT1006(17):7，石锤Stone hammer；6. 2016LYBT1006(20):2，研磨盘Grinding mortar

Fig.4 Stone artifacts from Area B of Yahuai Cave site

图5 娅怀洞遗址B区出土的石制品、骨器和蚌器 1. 2016LYBT1106(18):45，凹缺器Notch；2. 2016LYBT1106(13):9，石钻Borer；3. 2016LYBT1106(8):4，砸击石片Bipolar flake；4. 2016LYBT1106(18):9，砸击石核Bipolar core；5. 2016LYBT1106(15):26，刮削器Scraper；6. 2016LYBT0906(17):6，使用赭石Used ochre；7. 2016LYBT1006(21):1，锯齿刃器Denticulate；8. 2016LYBT0908(16):3，窄槽砺石Grinding stone；9. 2016LYBT1206(5):1，骨锥Bone awl；10. 2016LYBT1006(18):19，V型石片Type V flake；11. 2016LYBT1206(9):11，锯齿刃器Denticulate；12. 2016LYBT1006(17):18，尖状器Point；13. 2016LYBT0906(17):1，蚌器Shell tool；14. 2016LYBT1106(9):11，凹缺器Notch；15. 2016LYBT1108(12):2，石核Core

Fig.5 Stone artifacts, bone tool and shell tool from Area B of Yahuai Cave site

图6 娅怀洞遗址C区出土的石制品 1. 2017LYCT0802(7):2，锯齿刃器Denticulate；2. 2017LYCT1001(6):1，刮削器Scraper；3. 2017LYCT0802(5):8，V型石片Type Vflake；4. 2017LYCT0902(7):2，凹缺器Nootch；5. 2017LYCT0902(7):1，石核Core

Fig.6 Stone artifacts from Area C of Yahuai Cave site

图7 娅怀洞遗址D区出土的石制品、骨器、蚌器和陶片 1. 2018LYDT0913(6):10，VI型石片Type VI flake；2. 2018LYDT0813(7):48，砸击石片Bipolar flake；3. 2018LYDT0813(6):12，锯齿刃器Denticulate；4. 2018LYDT0914(6):11，石钻Borer；5. 2018LYDT0913(9):3，尖状器Point；6. 2018LYDT0813(9):2，双刃刮削器 Scraper；7. 2017LYDT0915(4):35，使用赭石Used ochre；8. 2018LYDT1014(10):6，骨锥Bone awl；9. 2017LYDT1015(5):9，研磨盘Grinding mortar；10. 2018LYDT1113(5):56，石核Core；11. 2018LYDT1113(5):23，石斧Ground axe；12. 2018LYDT0813(10):7，蚌器Shell tool；13. D区第5层陶片Potsherds from layer 5 of Area D；14. 2017LYDT1015(5):14，石砧Anvil

Fig.7 Stone artifacts, shell tool, bone tool and potsherds from Area D of Yahuai Cave site

图8 娅怀洞遗址D区出土的石制品 1. 2018LYDT0914(10):2，石钻Borer；2. 2018LYDT0915(5):130，砺石Whetstone；3. 2017LYDT0914(5):23，研磨器Grinding stone；4. 2017LYDT0913(5):6，穿孔石器Perforated stone；5. 2017LYDT1113(4):14，砸击石核Bipolar core；6. 2017LYDT0815(4):11，石锤Hammerstone；7. 2018LYDT0813(9):7，砍砸器Chopper；8. 2017LYDT0913(10):3，凹缺器Notch

Fig.8 Stone artifacts from Area D of Yahuai Cave site

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