广西更新世晚期娅怀洞人的性别与年龄

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0034

人类学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (03): 389-403.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0034cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0034

广西更新世晚期娅怀洞人的性别与年龄

贺乐天¹(), 谢光茂²^,³(), 林强³, 李大伟⁴, 吴秀杰¹

1.中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室，中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，北京 100044
2.广西师范大学历史文化与旅游学院，桂林 541001
3.广西文物保护与考古研究所，南宁 530023
4.广西民族大学科技史与科技文化研究院，南宁 530006

收稿日期:2024-01-05 修回日期:2024-03-25 出版日期:2025-06-15 发布日期:2025-06-15
通讯作者: 谢光茂，研究员，主要从事史前考古研究。E-mail: gmxie92@sina.com
作者简介:贺乐天，副研究员，主要从事古人类学研究。E-mail: heletian@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家社会科学基金(24CKG045);国家社会科学基金重大项目(22&ZD246)

Sex and age-at-death of the Yahuai Cave Man from the Late Pleistocene of Guangxi

HE Letian¹(), XIE Guangmao²^,³(), LIN Qiang³, LI Dawei⁴, WU Xiujie¹

1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
2. College of History, Culture and Tourism, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541001
3. Guangxi Institute of Cultural Relic Protection and Archaeology, Nanning 530023
4. Institute for History and Culture of Science &Technology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006

Received:2024-01-05 Revised:2024-03-25 Online:2025-06-15 Published:2025-06-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

获得个体准确的性别和年龄信息是生物人类学研究的基础。受演化特点和保存程度的限制，古人类化石的性别和年龄鉴定经常存在争议。本文以广西娅怀洞遗址出土的更新世晚期头骨、下颌骨及牙齿为研究对象，使用肉眼观察、测量、micro-CT扫描等方法辅助对其性别和年龄进行判断。娅怀洞1号个体头骨和下颌骨形态的观测及对比分析表明，其为女性的可能性大。基于该个体头骨骨缝愈合的情况、头骨的多项特征以及对其牙齿磨耗与年龄关系的校正，我们认为其死亡年龄在30~40岁。

关键词: 娅怀洞人, 性别, 死亡年龄, 颅骨, 牙齿磨耗

Abstract:

Obtaining accurate information about an individual’s sex and age at death constitutes the cornerstone of biological anthropological research. The estimation of adult sex from skeletal samples relies on two types of characteristics: those associated with functional differences between the sexes, and those manifested as variations in the size and shape of bones and teeth. Most methods for age estimation are based on the assessment of osteological degenerative changes. The identification of sex and age in human fossils often sparks controversy due to their evolutionary traits and preservation limitations, particularly when the hip bone is unavailable.

This study utilized visual observation, measurement, and micro-CT scanning to examine the Late Pleistocene crania, mandible, and teeth (YH1) excavated from the Yahuai Cave site in Guangxi, southern China. Regarding non-metric characteristics, the cranial and mandibular morphology indicates that Yahuai 1 is more likely to be female. However, certain robusticity-related features are more pronounced in YH1 compared to most recent-modern females in East Asia. The sexual dimorphism observed in late Pleistocene human skulls differs from that of modern humans, as evidenced by cranio-facial metric features. Comparisons with late Pleistocene human skulls from East and Southeast Asia reveal that YH1 shows no obvious sexual dimorphism in craniometric characteristics. When compared with recent populations from the same region, YH1 is found to be larger in size, and exhibits similarity to recent female samples after size calibration. YH1 has a medium-sized mandible overall and a high corpus robusticity index, which is comparable to that of late Pleistocene and Neolithic females.

In terms of age-at-death estimation, YH1 displayed a low degree of synostosis in the cranial sutures, and no age-associated features were observed. Moreover, by comparing with two Neolithic populations from South China, the relationship between dental wear and age estimation was adjusted. Collectively, these findings suggest that YH1 was not elderly, but rather a young adult aged between 30 and 40 years.

Key words: Yahuai Cave Man, sex, age-at-death, cranium, dental wear

中图分类号:

K871

贺乐天, 谢光茂, 林强, 李大伟, 吴秀杰. 广西更新世晚期娅怀洞人的性别与年龄[J]. 人类学学报, 2025, 44(03): 389-403.

HE Letian, XIE Guangmao, LIN Qiang, LI Dawei, WU Xiujie. Sex and age-at-death of the Yahuai Cave Man from the Late Pleistocene of Guangxi[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2025, 44(03): 389-403.

图/表 8

图1 YH1头骨（左）及下颌骨（右）

Fig.1 Crania (left) and mandible (right) of YH1

图2 YH1头骨及下颌骨的部分形态特征 A. 乳突上嵴 supramastoid crest；B. 枕圆枕 occipital torus；C. 颧结节 malar tubercles；D. 下颌角咬肌附着处masseter attachment of the mandibular angle

Fig.2 Some morphological features of the crania and mandible of the YH1

表1 与更新世晚期人类头骨化石部分测量项目的比较(mm)

Tab.1 Comparison with some measurements of late Pleistocene human skull fossils

	性别Gender	颅长g-op	颅宽eu-eu	颅高ba-b	最小额宽ft-ft	最大额宽co-co	额弦n-b	顶弦b-l	颧宽zy-zy	上面高n-sd
山顶洞101 (UC101)	男 M	204.0	143.0	136.0	107.0	143.0	115.5	120.8	143.0	77.0
Wadjak-1	男 M	200.0	151.0	137.0	97.0	/	115.0	117.0	144.0	66.0
柳江人Liujiang	男 M	189.3	142.2	134.8	95.2	/	117.2	119.2	136.0	67.9
Minatogawa I	男 M	182.0	148.0	134.0	89.0	/	115.0	117.0	144.0	63.0
平均值Mean		193.8	146.1	135.5	97.1	143.0	115.7	118.5	141.8	68.5
Moh Khiew Cave	女 F	/	/	/	/	118.0	/	/	/	67.0
Niah Cave	女 F	175.0	145.0	/	/	/	/	/	/	/
山顶洞103 (UC103)	女 F	184.0	131.0	143.0	101.0	137.0	107.0	120.0	131.0	68.5
Hang Cho Cave	女 F	192.0	138.0	135.0	100.0	112.0	130.0	117.0	128.0	61.0
平均值Mean	女 F	190.0	143.0	136.5	98.0	130.6	116.5	118.5	138. 3	67.4
娅怀洞Yahuai		188.9	145.5	141.2	109.0	130.0	118.0	122.9	146.4	62.0

图3 YH1与对比组人群头骨测量原始数据及校正数据的主成分分析

Fig.3 Principal component analysi of the original and corrected craniofacial measurements of the YH1 and comparison group A.原始数据 diagram A shows the raw data; B.校正后的数据 diagram B shows the corrected data.虚线圈内为男性95%置信区间，实线圈内为女性95%置信区间95% confidence interval for male in the dashed circle, and 95% confidence interval for for female in the solid circle

表2 与对比组下颌骨部分测量项目的比较

Tab.2 Comparison of some mandibular measurement values with other human fossils and population groups

	山顶洞 UC101	山顶洞UC108	山顶洞UC104	新石器时代Neo 1	新石器时代Neo 2	娅怀洞1号YH1
性别Sex	男 Male	男 Male	女 Female	男 Male	女 Female
下颌体长Length of body (mm)	90.7	/	78.7	77.2	74.2	(75)
下颌角间宽Bigonial breadth (mm)	116.0	/	100.0	104.6	100.0	(105)
下颌骨弧Arc of body (mm)	228.0	/	192.0	200.3	190.4	(183.7)
下颌体高（M₁/M₂）Corpus height at M₁/M₂ (mm)	33.6	30.8	26.2	32.0	29.2	32.7
下颌体高（颏孔处）Corpus height at mental foramen (mm)	35.0	31.3	29.9	32.9	30.1	32.8
下颌体厚（M₁/M₂）Corpus thickness at M₁/M₂ (mm)	13.6	12.4	15.0	15.5	14.6	15.7
下颌体厚（颏孔）Corpus thickness at mental foramen (mm)	12.0	11.3	12.3	13.8	12.7	13.1
粗壮指数（M₁/M₂）Corpus robusticity index at M₁/M₂	40.5	40.3	57.3	48.4	50.0	48.0
粗壮指数（颏孔）Corpus robusticity index at mental foramen	34.3	35.8	41.1	42.0	42.2	39.7

图4 YH1牙齿磨耗情况及示意图外围白色代表牙釉质，黑色代表暴露的牙本质，中心白色代表暴露的牙髓腔 the outer white represents the enamel, the black represents the exposed dentin, and the central white represents the exposed pulp cavity

Fig.4 The dental wear of the YH1

图5 YH1颅缝保存情况及愈合情况 A. 矢状缝中间段和人字点段（A1和A2矢状缝未愈合，A3内矢状缝愈合痕迹）A sagittal suture (A1&A2 sagittal suture not healed; A3 intracranial sagittal suture healed)；B. 左侧人字缝中间段和星点段（B1 左侧人字缝未愈合）B pars intermedia and pars asterica of left lambdoidal suture (B1 not healed)；C. 右侧人字缝中间段（C1 右侧人字缝未愈合）C pars intermedia of right lambdoidal suture (B1 not healed)；D. 左侧冠状缝前囟点段（D1 左侧冠状缝前囟段未愈合）pars bregmatica of left coronal suture (D1 not healed) ；E. 右侧冠状缝中间段（E1 右侧冠状缝中间段未愈合）pars complicate of right coronal suture (E1 medial segment of right coronal suture not healed)；F. 右侧冠状缝翼点段（F1 右侧内冠状缝翼点段愈合痕迹）F pars pterica of right coronal suture (F1 right intracranial suture healed)

Fig.5 Preservation and healing of cranial suture in the YH1

图6 YH1其他与年龄相关的头骨特征 A.内、外板和板障的厚度（额结节处矢状切面）thickness of the inner table, outter table and diploë (sagittal section at frontal tubercle) ；B-C. 左侧额窦（矢状切面和水平切面）left frontal sinus (sagittal section and horizontal section)；D.双侧枕髁关节面 articular surface of occipital condylar

Fig.6 Other age-related skull features of the YH1

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广西更新世晚期娅怀洞人的性别与年龄

Sex and age-at-death of the Yahuai Cave Man from the Late Pleistocene of Guangxi

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