蔚县盆地东沟遗址出土动物化石的初步研究

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2026.0029

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

东沟遗址位于河北省张家口市蔚县，是广义泥河湾盆地南部的一处重要旷野遗址，前期研究已初步建立起遗址的文化面貌与年代框架。遗址2017年度出土石制品组合属于简单的石核石片技术，且遗物的多项指标显示遗址为近原地埋藏；进一步的光释光测年显示，遗址文化层年代为距今7.6万~7.4万年，对应于深海氧同位素MIS-5a阶段末期。本文以东沟遗址2017~2018年发掘出土的所有编号动物化石标本为研究对象。动物考古及埋藏学分析结果显示，东沟遗址出土动物化石以偶蹄类鹿科和牛科动物占绝大多数，其堆积与改造过程主要受到古人类活动影响，食肉类与啮齿类动物的作用极为有限。遗址应属于长期性居住营地，古人类在此开展了包括肢解、割肉、获取皮毛、敲骨取髓等一系列生存行为，并能根据环境特点采取相应的生存策略，展现出较强的环境适应能力。东沟遗址动物化石的研究为探讨MIS-5阶段古人类适应环境变迁的行为演化提供了新的证据。

关键词: 蔚县盆地, 东沟遗址, 动物考古学, 埋藏学, MIS 5a

Abstract:

The Donggou site, situated on south of the Nihewan basin, is an important open-air site in Yu County, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province. Previous research has preliminarily established the cultural and chronological framework for the site. The lithic assemblage unearthed in 2017 belongs to simple “core-and-flake” technology; multiple indicators suggests that the Donggou archaeological remains have not been strongly transformed, and are a near-primary context deposition. The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results show that human occupation of the site occurred in the 76-74 ka, corresponding to the late stage of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a.

In this paper, we present the results of a zooarchaeological and taphonomic analyses of the faunal remains from the Donggou site. Our preliminary study shows that the living environment of the hominins was generally characterized by cold and humid conditions.The faunal assemblage indicates that Cervidae and Bovidae were the main animal species and the dominant prey species for hominins. Natural modifications such as carnivore or rodent tooth marks, sedimentary abrasions, and root etching marks were minimal. The taphonomic evidence further supports that the Donggou site is a near-primary context site, where hominins were the primary agents responsible for the accumulation of the bone assemblage. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that the site may have functioned as a residential locality; the presence of cut marks and percussion notches indicates a variety of human activities, such as skinning, dismembering, and deflashing, while percussion traces on the bones suggest marrow extraction strategies. Skeletal element distribution reveals that the carcass transport strategies may be different based on prey body size. For large-sized animals, they often preliminarily processed carcasses in the field, discarding low-utility parts and selectively transporting high-yield portions back to the Donggou site. For medium-sized animals, they tended to transport the carcasses whole to the camp to maximize resource acquisition. In conclusion, the zooarchaeological and taphonomic analysis of the Donggou site provides new archaeological materials for the study of the exploitation of animal resources by hominins in mid- to high- latitude regions of East Asia, this may reflect hominin subsistence strategies in response to environmental changes during MIS 5.

Key words: Yuxian basin, Donggou site, zooarchaeology, taphonomy, MIS 5a

中图分类号:

Q915.86

何湘栋, 梁越, 王春雪, 牛东伟, 杜雨薇. 蔚县盆地东沟遗址出土动物化石的初步研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2026, 45(03): 586-599.

HE Xiangdong, LIANG Yue, WANG Chunxue, NIU Dongwei, DU Yuwei. A preliminary study on the animal fossils from Donggou site in Yuxian Basin, North China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2026, 45(03): 586-599.

图/表 8

图1 东沟遗址地理位置图

Fig.1 Geographical location of the Donggou site

图2 东沟遗址出土的部分动物牙齿及骨骼 a.马鹿左侧下颌Left mandible of Cervus elaphus；b. 犀牛右上臼齿Right upper molar of Rhinocerotidae；c. 啮齿类门齿Incisor of Rodentia；d. 鸟肱骨Humerus of Aves；e. 狗獾左侧下颌Left mandible of Meles leucurus；f. 马右下臼齿Right lower molar of Equus sp.；g. 牛左上臼齿Left upper molar of Bovidae

Fig.2 Some faunal specimens from Donggou site

表1 东沟遗址出土动物种属的数量统计

Tab.1 Counts of animal species from Donggou site (n)

表2 东沟遗址出土鹿、牛、犀牛、马的骨骼单元分布

Tab.2 Bone element abundance of Cervus sp., Bovidae, Rhinocerotidae and Equus sp. from Donggou site (n)

种属Species→ 部位Element↓	鹿Cervus sp.			牛Bovidae			犀牛Rhinocerotidae			马Equus sp.
种属Species→ 部位Element↓	MNE	MAU	MAU%	MNE	MAU	MAU%	MNE	MAU	MAU%	MNE	MAU	MAU%
下颌骨Mandible	2.7	1.35	37.0%	0	0	0	2	1	100.0%	0	0	0
脊椎Vertebrae	0.5	0.14	3.8%	0.6	0.012	0.4%	0	0	0	0	0	0
盆骨Pelvic	0.5	0.25	6.8%	1.8	0.9	26.5%	0	0	0	0	0	0
肋骨Rib	2	0.77	21.1%	0.2	0.008	0.2%	1.2	0.46	46.0%	0	0	0
肩胛骨Scapula	1	0.5	13.7%	0.3	0.15	4.4%	0.5	0.25	25.0%	0	0	0
肱骨Humerus	5	2.5	68.5%	6.8	3.4	100.0%	0.3	0.15	15.0%	0	0	0
尺骨Ulna	0	0	0	1	0.5	14.7%	0	0	0	1	0.5	100.0%
桡骨Radiu	5	2.5	68.5%	2.8	1.4	41.1%	0	0	0	0.3	0.15	30.0%
股骨Femur	3.8	1.9	52.1%	2.8	1.4	41.1%	0.3	0.15	15.0%	0.2	0.1	20.0%
胫骨Tibia	7.3	3.65	100.0%	4.9	2.45	72.1%	0	0	0	0.2	0.1	20.0%
腕跗骨Carpal-Tarsal	1.5	0.115	3.2%	0	0	0	1.5	0.068	6.8%	0	0	0
掌骨Metacarpal	1.6	0.8	22.0%	2.3	1.15	33.8%	0	0	0	0.4	0.2	40.0%
跖骨Metatarsal	2.4	1.2	32.9%	2.3	1.15	33.8%	0	0	0	0.2	0.1	20.0%
第一指/趾骨Proximal phalanx	0	0	0	0.6	0.075	2.2%	0	0	0	0	0	0
第二指/趾骨Mesial phalanx	1	0.25	6.8%	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

图3 东沟遗址出土动物骨骼表面的自然痕迹 a.水流磨蚀痕迹Water abration marks；b. 植物根系痕迹Root etching marks；c.食肉类动物啃咬痕迹Carnivore tooth marks；d.蒸发盐结晶Evaporated salt crystals；e.啮齿类动物啃咬痕迹Rodent tooth marks；f.踩踏痕迹Tramping mark

Fig.3 Bone surface natural modifications on animal bones from Donggou site

表3 切割痕迹的标本部位统计表

Tab.3 The number of specimens with cut marks (n)

种属Species→ 部位Element↓			牛/马 Bovidae or Equus sp.	鹿/羚羊 Cervus sp. or Gazella sp.	总计 Total
肢骨Limbs	上部、中部肢骨 Upper/Middle limbs	骨干 Diaphysis	6	15	21
	上部、中部肢骨 Upper/Middle limbs	（近）骨骺 Epiphysis/Metaphysis	2	3	5
	下部肢骨 Lower limbs	骨干 Diaphysis	1	3	4
	下部肢骨 Lower limbs	（近）骨骺 Epiphysis/Metaphysis	1	0	1
中轴骨Axial			0	5	5
总计Total			10	26	36

图4 东沟遗址出土动物骨骼表面的人工痕迹 a.切割痕迹Cut marks；b.敲砸痕迹Percussion notches；c.砍痕Chop marks（位于下方的放大图Magnified figure below）；d. 鸵鸟蛋皮的切割痕迹Cut marks of ostrich eggshell

Fig.4 Bone surface artificial modifications on animal bones from Donggou site

表4 敲砸痕迹的标本部位统计表

Tab.4 The number of specimens with percussion notches (n)

种属Species→ 部位Element↓		牛/马 Bovidae or Equus sp.	鹿/羚羊 Cervus sp. or Gazella sp.	总计 Total
肢骨Limbs	上部、中部肢骨 Upper/Middle limbs	6	21	27
肢骨Limbs	下部肢骨 Lower limbs	2	3	5
下颌骨Mandible		0	3	3
总计Total		8	27	35

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