山西盂县温池墓地居民肢骨的肌肉起止点与形态变化

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0085

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文对山西盂县温池墓地明清居民肢骨的肌肉起止点和形态变化进行了观察、测量和统计，比较了男女两性的活动差异，以及缠足与未缠足女性之间的差异。结果表明：1）性别和年龄是影响起止点改变最重要的因素，而体型和女性缠足习俗对起止点改变和肢骨形态影响较小；2）整体上，男性、年长者和体型较大个体的起止点发育程度更高，肢骨粗壮度更强；3）人群存在性别分工，女性更多从事依赖上肢重复性活动的生产活动，男性的日常生产以上肢活动为主，但对下肢的负重需求也较高；4）无论缠足与否，女性均需要参与家庭生产活动。综合推测，男性可能在农闲时从事煤炭开采、驮煤贩运和冶铁工作，女性均需参与家庭生产中的纺织工作。

关键词: 古人类, 骨骼形态, 肌肉起止点, 行为模式

Abstract:

Entheseal changes and the cross-sectional geometry of long bone diaphyses have emerged as the most widely used skeletal markers in bioarchaeology for reconstructing the activity patterns of ancient populations. This study examines entheseal change patterns and limb bone morphological characteristics in a mortuary population excavated from the Ming-Qing Dynasty Wenchi Cemetery. Comparative analyses were conducted from three perspectives: between males and females, and between females with and without footbinding.

The results are as follows: 1) Correlation analysis between entheseal changes and indicators of age and body size revealed that age is the primary factor influencing entheseal changes, whereas body size is not significantly associated with their degree; 2) High levels of entheseal changes were observed in males, as well as in older and larger-bodied individuals; 3) Males exhibited greater entheseal robustness and more pronounced entheseal changes, indicating that they undertook heavier activity loads; 4) A clear sexual division of labor is evident within the Wenchi population: females were more likely to engage in production activities relying primarily on repetitive upper limb movements, while males’ daily labor not only centered on upper limb activities but also demanded higher weight-bearing capacity of the lower limbs and waist; 5) Females participated in household production activities regardless of whether they had bound feet.

By integrating skeletal evidence with the geographical environment, mineral resource distribution, and historical records from Yu County, the production activities of the Wenchi population during the Ming and Qing Dynasties can be further inferred. The enhanced musculoskeletal development of the shoulders, elbows, forearms, and feet in males can be attributed to the frequent use of upper limb movements—such as extension, flexion, pronation, supination, and lifting—in coal mining and iron smelting, as well as the frequent mechanical stress on the feet during coal transportation. In addition to farming, males in Wenchi may have engaged in handicraft production activities such as coal mining and iron smelting during their leisure time.

For females, the musculoskeletal characteristics—including increased extension and flexion of the acromioclavicular and elbow joints, coupled with lower intensity of lower-limb activity—suggest their possible participation in textile production. The rapid development of the cotton textile industry in Shanxi Province during the Ming and Qing Dynasties provides supporting evidence for the daily labor activities of Wenchi females. Both females with and without footbinding were involved in textile work and agricultural production as part of the household production system.

Key words: Ancient populations, skeletal morphology, entheseal changes, activity pattern

中图分类号:

Q983

孙晓璠, 刘岩, 张全超. 山西盂县温池墓地居民肢骨的肌肉起止点与形态变化[J]. 人类学学报, 2026, 45(05): 871-883.

SUN Xiaofan, LIU Yan, ZHANG Quanchao. Entheseal changes and limb bone morphological variation of the population from the Wenchi Cemetery in Yu County, Shanxi[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2026, 45(05): 871-883.

图/表 6

参考文献 43

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观察项目Items	性别Sex		年龄Age		是否缠足Footbinding		身高Stature		体质量Body mass
	B	P	B	P	B	P	B	P	B	P
肱三头肌起点Triceps brachii	1.521	0.000	0.063	0.161	0.583	0.685	-0.003	0.721	0.022	0.625
肋锁韧带附着点Costoclavicular ligament	1.120	0.004	0.209	0.452	-0.583	0.297	0.002	0.650	0.021	0.648
锥状韧带附着点Conoid ligament	-0.666	0.244	-0.753	0.130	0.333	0.348	0.002	0.766	0.057	0.349
斜方韧带附着点Trapezoid ligament	0.016	0.671	-0.283	0.284	0.417	0.704	0.001	0.833	0.025	0.601
胸大肌起点Pectoralis major (clavicle)	0.290	0.116	-0.401	0.311	-1.083	0.740	-0.002	0.825	-0.025	0.776
三角肌起点Deltoideus	-0.198	0.548	-0.591	0.029	-1.111	0.297	0.004	0.565	-0.022	0.677
胸大肌止点Pectoralis major (humerus)	0.166	0.072	-0.597	0.018	0.150	0.982	0.001	0.732	0.037	0.308
大圆肌和背阔肌止点Latissimus dorsi/teres major	0.163	0.005	-0.813	0.028	0.383	0.989	0.003	0.514	0.105	0.009
三角肌止点Deltoideus (humerus)	0.021	0.130	-1.023	0.000	0.056	0.618	-0.011	0.065	-0.050	0.336
肱桡肌止点Brachioradialis	-0.075	0.162	-0.981	0.019	-0.350	0.123	0.009	0.144	0.182	0.001
肱二头肌止点Biceps brachii	0.583	0.001	-1.231	0.000	0.333	0.554	0.001	0.819	0.028	0.534
旋前圆肌止点Pronator teres	0.202	0.023	-1.157	0.007	0.111	0.771	0.002	0.678	0.059	0.279
骨间膜Interosseous membrane	0.411	0.080	-0.952	0.001	0.278	0.633	0.006	0.343	0.101	0.073
肱三头肌止点Triceps brachii (ulna)	0.346	0.095	-0.445	0.214	-0.100	0.307	0.007	0.212	0.074	0.203
肱肌止点Brachialis	-0.036	0.698	-0.173	0.285	1.000	0.450	0.005	0.348	0.076	0.128
旋后肌起点Supinator	0.192	0.190	-0.269	0.387	0.617	0.752	-0.001	0.876	0.027	0.552
臀大肌止点Gluteus maximus	-0.250	0.986	-1.167	0.000	0.433	0.792	0.000	0.995	0.048	0.381
股内侧肌起点Vastus medialis	0.437	0.003	-0.278	0.666	-0.433	0.136	0.012	0.015	0.135	0.002
髂腰肌止点Iliopsoas	0.612	0.002	-0.555	0.006	-0.361	0.220	0.003	0.462	0.020	0.573
髌骨股四头肌止点Quadriceps tendon (patella)	-0.778	0.539	-1.750	0.003	1.286	0.271	0.007	0.367	0.092	0.283
胫骨股四头肌止点Quadriceps tendon (tibia)	1.510	0.000	0.105	0.884	0.367	0.903	0.016	0.001	0.102	0.024
比目鱼肌起点Soleus	1.228	0.000	-0.338	0.290	0.583	0.891	0.009	0.093	0.084	0.061
跟腱止点Achilles tendon	2.143	0.000	0.036	0.297	0.417	0.380	-0.009	0.278	-0.047	0.631

观察项目Items	性别Sex		年龄Age		是否缠足Footbinding		身高Stature		体质量Body mass
	B	P	B	P	B	P	B	P	B	P
肱三头肌起点Triceps brachii	1.521	0.000	0.063	0.161	0.583	0.685	-0.003	0.721	0.022	0.625
肋锁韧带附着点Costoclavicular ligament	1.120	0.004	0.209	0.452	-0.583	0.297	0.002	0.650	0.021	0.648
锥状韧带附着点Conoid ligament	-0.666	0.244	-0.753	0.130	0.333	0.348	0.002	0.766	0.057	0.349
斜方韧带附着点Trapezoid ligament	0.016	0.671	-0.283	0.284	0.417	0.704	0.001	0.833	0.025	0.601
胸大肌起点Pectoralis major (clavicle)	0.290	0.116	-0.401	0.311	-1.083	0.740	-0.002	0.825	-0.025	0.776
三角肌起点Deltoideus	-0.198	0.548	-0.591	0.029	-1.111	0.297	0.004	0.565	-0.022	0.677
胸大肌止点Pectoralis major (humerus)	0.166	0.072	-0.597	0.018	0.150	0.982	0.001	0.732	0.037	0.308
大圆肌和背阔肌止点Latissimus dorsi/teres major	0.163	0.005	-0.813	0.028	0.383	0.989	0.003	0.514	0.105	0.009
三角肌止点Deltoideus (humerus)	0.021	0.130	-1.023	0.000	0.056	0.618	-0.011	0.065	-0.050	0.336
肱桡肌止点Brachioradialis	-0.075	0.162	-0.981	0.019	-0.350	0.123	0.009	0.144	0.182	0.001
肱二头肌止点Biceps brachii	0.583	0.001	-1.231	0.000	0.333	0.554	0.001	0.819	0.028	0.534
旋前圆肌止点Pronator teres	0.202	0.023	-1.157	0.007	0.111	0.771	0.002	0.678	0.059	0.279
骨间膜Interosseous membrane	0.411	0.080	-0.952	0.001	0.278	0.633	0.006	0.343	0.101	0.073
肱三头肌止点Triceps brachii (ulna)	0.346	0.095	-0.445	0.214	-0.100	0.307	0.007	0.212	0.074	0.203
肱肌止点Brachialis	-0.036	0.698	-0.173	0.285	1.000	0.450	0.005	0.348	0.076	0.128
旋后肌起点Supinator	0.192	0.190	-0.269	0.387	0.617	0.752	-0.001	0.876	0.027	0.552
臀大肌止点Gluteus maximus	-0.250	0.986	-1.167	0.000	0.433	0.792	0.000	0.995	0.048	0.381
股内侧肌起点Vastus medialis	0.437	0.003	-0.278	0.666	-0.433	0.136	0.012	0.015	0.135	0.002
髂腰肌止点Iliopsoas	0.612	0.002	-0.555	0.006	-0.361	0.220	0.003	0.462	0.020	0.573
髌骨股四头肌止点Quadriceps tendon (patella)	-0.778	0.539	-1.750	0.003	1.286	0.271	0.007	0.367	0.092	0.283
胫骨股四头肌止点Quadriceps tendon (tibia)	1.510	0.000	0.105	0.884	0.367	0.903	0.016	0.001	0.102	0.024
比目鱼肌起点Soleus	1.228	0.000	-0.338	0.290	0.583	0.891	0.009	0.093	0.084	0.061
跟腱止点Achilles tendon	2.143	0.000	0.036	0.297	0.417	0.380	-0.009	0.278	-0.047	0.631

解释变量 Explanatory variables	纤维型起止点Fibrous entheses(n=10)		纤维软骨型起止点Fibrocartilaginous entheses(n=13)		P
解释变量 Explanatory variables	数量quantity(n)	占比percentage	数量quantity(n)	占比percentage	P
性别Sex	5	50.00%	5	38.46%	0.685
年龄Age	4	40.00%	7	53.85%	0.680
身高Stature	1	10.00%	1	7.69%	0.455
体质量Body mass	2	20.00%	2	15.38%	1.000

解释变量 Explanatory variables	纤维型起止点Fibrous entheses(n=10)		纤维软骨型起止点Fibrocartilaginous entheses(n=13)		P
解释变量 Explanatory variables	数量quantity(n)	占比percentage	数量quantity(n)	占比percentage	P
性别Sex	5	50.00%	5	38.46%	0.685
年龄Age	4	40.00%	7	53.85%	0.680
身高Stature	1	10.00%	1	7.69%	0.455
体质量Body mass	2	20.00%	2	15.38%	1.000

观察项目Items	性别Sex		年龄Age		是否缠足Footbinding		身高Stature		体质量Body mass
	B	P	B	P	B	P	B	P	B	P
肩部Shoulder	0.064	0.091	-0.586	0.004	0.043	0.896	0.002	0.481	0.033	0.271
肘部Elbow	0.361	0.005	-0.650	0.000	0.378	0.672	0.004	0.257	0.083	0.020
前臂Forearm	0.305	0.026	0.706	0.011	0.267	0.814	0.003	0.469	0.067	0.120
髋部Hip	0.168	0.097	-0.899	0.000	0.350	0.921	0.003	0.505	0.058	0.163
膝部Knee	0.626	0.000	-0.358	0.324	0.360	0.649	0.012	0.001	0.114	0.000
足部Foot	1.179	0.000	-0.471	0.190	0.708	0.394	0.008	0.081	0.053	0.141