泥河湾盆地蔚县前上营遗址B地点发掘报告

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0109

人类学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (03): 515-531.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0109cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0109

泥河湾盆地蔚县前上营遗址B地点发掘报告

叶芷¹^,²^,³(), 裴树文¹^,²(), 马东东¹^,², 贾真秀⁴, 王法岗⁵, 杨海勇⁶

¹ 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室，北京 100044
² 旧石器时代人类演化与遗传国家文物局重点科研基地，北京 100044
³ 中国科学院大学，北京 100049
⁴ 中国科学院青藏高原研究所，北京 100101
⁵ 河北省文物考古研究院，石家庄 050031
⁶ 蔚州博物馆，蔚县 075700

收稿日期:2025-06-27 接受日期:2025-08-04 出版日期:2026-06-15 发布日期:2026-06-12
通讯作者: 裴树文，研究员，主要从事旧石器时代考古与地质考古研究。E-mail: peishuwen@ivpp.ac.cn
作者简介:叶芷，博士研究生，主要从事旧石器时代考古研究。E-mail: yezhi@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42371165);国家自然科学基金项目(41872029)

Preliminary report on the excavation of Qianshangying-B Paleolithic site at Yuxian in the Nihewan Basin

YE Zhi¹^,²^,³(), PEI Shuwen¹^,²(), MA Dongdong¹^,², JIA Zhenxiu⁴, WANG Fagang⁵, YANG Haiyong⁶

¹ Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
² Key Scientific Research Base on Paleolithic Human Evolution and Paleogenetics (IVPP), SACH, Beijing 100044
³ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
⁴ Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
⁵ Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Shijiazhuang 050031
⁶ Yuzhou Museum, Yuxian 075700

Received:2025-06-27 Accepted:2025-08-04 Online:2026-06-15 Published:2026-06-12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文对2015年发现的前上营遗址B地点(QSY-B）的地貌地层发育、年代、遗物埋藏特点和出土石制品的技术特征进行报道。地貌和沉积物特点表明，该遗址的地层记录了泥河湾古湖扩张-收缩-扩张和消亡的过程，古人类活动于古湖水退去的湖滨相环境，顶部覆盖马兰期黄土。前上营遗址B地点为古人类单次活动、短暂停留形成的遗址，较弱的水流运动改变了标本的空间分布，但遗物组合较为完整。沉积物ESR年代测定表明，古人类在该遗址的活动时间大致为距今429±39 ka，处在中更新世。原料调查显示，古人类从距离遗址7~8 km以外区域获取石料，岩性以火山岩和硅质白云岩为主。古人类主要采用锤击法剥片，石核剥片效率和石片产出率高，部分石片显示边缘使用痕迹；多样化的修理石器是该遗址不同于盆地内早更新世石器工业的主要特点，表明古人类对资源环境的适应性及灵活的技术策略。动物化石表面保留人为割切痕迹，指示古人类对动物资源利用行为。前上营遗址B地点的发现和研究，对解读中更新世中国北方古人类的技术行为，以及探讨泥河湾盆地古人类在早－中更新世石器技术演变及适应策略具有重要意义。

关键词: 前上营遗址B地点, 湖滨环境, 石器技术灵活性, 中更新世, 泥河湾盆地

Abstract:

The Nihewan Basin of northern China preserves extensive Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine and loess sequences and hosts one of the highest concentrations of Palaeolithic sites in East Asia. While Early Pleistocene hominin activity in this region has been extensively studied, Middle Pleistocene sites remain rare and less understood. This study reports new evidence from the Locality B of Qianshangying site (QSY-B), discovered in 2015, with a focus on its geology, stratigraphy, chronology, stone artifacts assemblage, and human lithic technological strategies.

Geomorphological and sedimentological data show that the archaeo-stratigraphic sequence captures a full cycle of lake expansion, retreat, re-expansion, and final regression of the Nihewan paleolake, capped by Malan loess. Hominin occupation occurred in a marginal lacustrine setting during a low lake-level episode. QSY-B represents a brief, single-phase occupation, with minor post-depositional disturbance by gentle hydraulic event. The integrity of the assemblage allows for detailed technological and behavioral reconstruction.

ESR dating of sediments from the archaeological layer suggests that hominins occupied the site around 429 ± 39 ka, placing it firmly within the Middle Pleistocene. Geological surveys indicate that hominins procured raw materials—primarily lava and siliceous dolomite—from source 7-8 km away from the site. The lithic assemblage is marked by hard-hammer percussion, efficient core reduction, and abundant flakes, which bear traces of direct use without modification. A notable feature is the diverse range of retouched tools, contrasting with Early Pleistocene local industries and suggesting increased technological flexibility and environmental adaptability of early humans.

Faunal remains bearing cut marks further attest to animal processing activities. The findings from QSY-B enhance our understanding of hominin behavior during the Middle Pleistocene and offer new perspectives on the long sequence of technological evolution and adaptive strategies of early humans in the Nihewan Basin.

Key words: Qiangshangying B site, lake shore environment, lithic technological flexibility, Middle Pleistocene, Nihewan Basin

中图分类号:

K871

叶芷, 裴树文, 马东东, 贾真秀, 王法岗, 杨海勇. 泥河湾盆地蔚县前上营遗址B地点发掘报告[J]. 人类学学报, 2026, 45(03): 515-531.

YE Zhi, PEI Shuwen, MA Dongdong, JIA Zhenxiu, WANG Fagang, YANG Haiyong. Preliminary report on the excavation of Qianshangying-B Paleolithic site at Yuxian in the Nihewan Basin[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2026, 45(03): 515-531.

图/表 9

图1 前上营遗址B地点地理位置及地貌图 a-b.泥河湾盆地-蔚县盆地的地理位置Map showing the location of the Nihewan basin and Yuxian basin；c.前上营遗址及周边遗址地貌景观Geomorphological setting of Qianshangying and adjacent sites(CJG，蔡家沟遗址；QSY，前上营遗址；JJZ，吉家庄遗址)；d. QSY-B地貌景观Geomorphologic location of QSY-B site

Fig.1 Geographic and geomorphologic location of QSY-B

图2 前上营遗址B地点地层剖面与年代 UU，Upper Unit上部沉积单元；MU，Middle Unit中部沉积单元；LU，Lower Unit下部沉积单元

Fig.2 Stratigraphic profiles and dating results of QSY-B

图3 前上营遗址B地点分层遗物分布图

Fig.3 Distribution of archaeological remains by stratigraphic levels at QSY-B

图4 前上营遗址B地点出土遗物的埋藏特点 a.标本三维空间分布3D spatial distribution of archaeological remains；b.废片尺寸分布图Size distribution of debitage；c-e.标本产状特征Orientation of archaeological remains；f.石制品风化和磨蚀程度Degree of weathering and abrasion on lithic artifacts

Fig.4 Taphonomic features of archaeological remains at QSY-B

表1 前上营遗址B地点的石制品类型与原料

Tab.1 Frequencies of artifact category and raw material exploration at QSY-B

原料Raw Material 石制品类型Types of stone artifacts		火山岩Lava		硅质白云岩Dolomite		燧石Chert		其他Other		总计Sum
原料Raw Material 石制品类型Types of stone artifacts		数量n	占比Percent	数量n	占比Percent	数量n	占比Percent	数量n	占比Percent	数量n	占比Percent
剥离类 Detached	石片Flake	83	77.6%	19	17.8%	1	0.9%	4	3.7%	107	40.2%
	碎片Flake fragment	39	75.0%	5	9.6%	5	9.6%	3	5.8%	52	19.5%
	断块Angular fragment	23	57.5%	14	35.0%	1	2.5%	2	5.0%	40	15.0%
	小计Total	145	72.9%	38	19.1%	7	3.5%	9	4.5%	199	74.8%
剥片类 Flaked	石核Core	14	58.3%	9	37.5%	0	0.0%	1	4.2%	24	9.0%
	石核断块Core fragment	8	72.7%	2	18.2%	1	9.1%	0	0.0%	11	4.1%
	石球Spheroid	2	100.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	2	0.8%
	修理石器Retouched tool	15	53.6%	7	25.0%	1	3.6%	5	17.9%	28	10.5%
	小计Total	39	60.0%	18	27.7%	2	3.1%	6	9.2%	65	24.4%
打击类 Pounded	石锤Hammer stone	0	0.0%	2	100.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	2	0.8%
打击类 Pounded	总计Total	184	69.2%	58	21.8%	9	3.4%	15	5.6%	266	100.0%

图5 前上营遗址B地点石片技术特征 a.石片外形特征Flake shape；b.石片台面厚度与背面角Flake platform depth and exterior platform angle；c.石片类型Flake types；d.石片背面片疤模式Dorsal scar patterns of flakes

Fig.5 Flake technological attributes at QSY-B

图6 前上营遗址B地点的完整石片 a, b, c, e, g, j, m. QSY-A-154, QSY-B-178, QSY-B-339, QSY-B-419, QSY-B-347, QSY-B-088, QSY-B-077, VI型/ Type VI；d, f. QSY-B-384, QSY-B-313, III型/ Type III；h, k, l. QSY-B-183, QSY-B-423, QSY-B-065, V型/ Type V；i. QSY-B-301, IV型/ Type IV黄色虚线为可能的使用边缘，黄色方框为使用边缘的局部放大Yellow dashed lines indicate possible use edges, and yellow boxes show magnified views of the used flake edges

Fig.6 Whole flakes at QSY-B

图7 前上营遗址B地点的石核与石锤 a. QSY-B-189, 准石球Subspheroid；b-d. QSY-B-186, QSY-B-435, QSY-B-136, 多向剥片石核Cores with multidirectional exploitation；e. QSY-B-161, 盘状石核Discoid；f. QSY-B-191, 石锤Hammerstone

Fig.7 Selected cores and hammerstone from QSY-B

图8 前上营遗址B地点出土修理石器 a, b. QSY-B-474, QSY-B-302, 刮削器Scraper；c-f. QSY-B-190, QSY-B-169, QSY-B-152, QSY-B-179, 汇聚形石器Convergent tool；g, h. QSY-B-084, QSY-B-281, 锯齿刃器Denticulate

Fig.8 Retouched tools excavated from QSY-B

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泥河湾盆地蔚县前上营遗址B地点发掘报告

Preliminary report on the excavation of Qianshangying-B Paleolithic site at Yuxian in the Nihewan Basin

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