泥河湾盆地蔚县蔡家沟遗址A地点发掘简报

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0106

人类学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (03): 500-514.doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0106cstr: 32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0106

泥河湾盆地蔚县蔡家沟遗址A地点发掘简报

耿帅杰¹^,²^,³(), 裴树文¹^,²(), 杜雨薇¹^,²^,³, 徐静玥¹^,²^,³, 叶芷¹^,²^,³, 刘子仪¹^,²^,³

¹ 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室，北京 100044
² 旧石器时代人类演化与遗传国家文物局重点科研基地，北京 100044
³ 中国科学院大学，北京 100049

收稿日期:2025-05-19 接受日期:2025-07-15 出版日期:2026-06-15 发布日期:2026-06-12
通讯作者: 裴树文，研究员，主要从事旧石器时代考古学和地质考古学研究。E-mail: peishuwen@ivpp.ac.cn
作者简介:耿帅杰，博士研究生，主要从事旧石器时代考古学研究。E-mail: gengshuaijie@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42371165)

A preliminary report on the excavation of Caijiagou-A Paleolithic site in Yuxian, Nihewan Basin

GENG Shuaijie¹^,²^,³(), PEI Shuwen¹^,²(), DU Yuwei¹^,²^,³, XU Jingyue¹^,²^,³, YE Zhi¹^,²^,³, LIU Ziyi¹^,²^,³

¹ Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
² Key Scientific Research Base on Paleolithic Human Evolution and Paleogenetics (IVPP), SACH, Beijing 100044
³ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Received:2025-05-19 Accepted:2025-07-15 Online:2026-06-15 Published:2026-06-12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

蔡家沟遗址是蔚县盆地东北部吉家庄台地一处重要的中更新世旧石器遗址，2019年9-10月发掘出土349件石质标本与569件动物化石。根据地层中的哺乳动物化石推测遗址年代为中更新世，²⁶Al/¹⁰Be埋藏测年结果为0.47±0.13 Ma至0.64±0.21 Ma，属中更新世早期。蔡家沟遗址A地点石制品原料以火山岩为主，另有少量硅质白云岩、燧石等；石制品类型包括石核、石器、完整石片、碎片、断块、石锤等；石核剥片与石器修理均以锤击法为主，完整石片以V型和VI型为主，显示次级剥片特点；石核保留的剥片片疤数量较多，显示较高的石核利用率，部分盘状石核的存在反映出古人类较高的技术组织能力。从出土动物化石的保存状况与痕迹分布来看，古人类活动对该遗址动物骨骼的改造作用占据主导地位。蔡家沟遗址A地点的石制品具有原料搬运距离较远以及石核剥片策略高效等特点，相较盆地内早更新世遗址具有明显的进步性，对探讨泥河湾盆地中更新世古人类技术特点与行为演化具有重要意义。

关键词: 蔡家沟遗址, 中更新世, 人类活动, 石器技术灵活性, 泥河湾盆地

Abstract:

The Nihewan Basin (senso lato) comprises three subbasins named Datong, Yangyuan, and Yuxian Subbasins. The long sequence of fluvio-lacustrine sediments from the Nihewan Basin preserve a wealth of paleoanthropological remains, which provide opportunity for exploring early human evolution and adaptative behaviors in North China. Previous research has focused on the Yangyuan subbasin, whereas Yuxian subbasin (also one of the main parts of the Nihewan Basin) also developed fluvio-lacustrine sequence and possesses significant scientific value and research potential. Starting from 2015, Professor Pei’s team from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has led a systematic and continuous Paleolithic archaeological surveys and excavations within the Yuxian subasin. Many archaeological sites and a wealth of stone artifacts and animal fossils were discovered, providing important materials for studying the survival behaviors and environmental adaptations of early humans during Pleistocene in the broader Nihewan Basin.

The Caijiagou site, situated in the Jijiazhuang platform of the northeastern Yuxian subasin, is an important Middle Pleistocene site. It was discovered during field surveys conducted between 2017 and 2018 and comprises three locations: Caijiagou-A, Caijiagou-B, and Caijiagou-C. As the first discovered site, the Caijiagou-A (CJG-A) site was excavated from September to October 2019, exposing an area of about 35 square meters, yielding 349 lithic specimens and 569 animal fossils. Based on the mammalian fauna from the archaeological layer in the arachaeostratigraphic section, the burial age of the site is estimated to be the Middle Pleistocene. Cosmogenic ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be burial dating indicates that early human occupied the site most probably took place between 0.47 ± 0.13 Ma ~ 0.64 ± 0.21 Ma.

Technologically, the CJG-A lithic assemblage consists of 349 artefacts which can be divided into Detatched pieces, Flaked pieces and Pounded pieces. Lithic raw material includes lava show fluvial cortex and suggest sourcing from streams, while siliceous dolomite, chert nodules and quartz derive from the outcrops. Regional geological surveys indicate the raw material were obtained from relatively long distance of about 8 km from the site. Lava is the predominant (77.9%) rock type. Cores, debitage shatter, and retouched tools from CJG-A indicate that freehand percussion was the major knapping technique, while the use of hammer-and-anvil technique is occasionally adopted to knap low-quality dolomite. Although CJG-A reduction sequences are relatively short, resulting in a low degree of flake morphologies and dimensions, high percentage of whole flake type V and VI plus sophisticated flaking modes indicate that relatively high flaking rate and later stages of knapping sequence. Retouched pieces are present in CJG-A lithic assemblage, with proportion of 11.7%. Retouch is normally on flakes or flake fragments even angular shatters. Scraper dominants the tool type, followed by points and denticulates. Retouch is casual in CJG-A assemblages, with no imposition of standardized shapes on blanks. The condition of preservation and trace marks on the animal bones indicate that the accumulation of animal fossils were probably made by early humans.

The CJG-A lithic assemblage is characterized by a core and flake technology which can be assigned to Oldowan-like or Mode 1 technology in East Asia. While, the raw material transportation, persistence using of direct hard hammer percussion, and relatively long sequence of knapping sequence imply the technological diversity and flexibility among the mode 1 technology. This research of CJG-A site bear great significance for the study of human evolution and behavioral adaptations in the Nihewan Basin even North China during the Middle Pleistocene.

Key words: Caijiagou-A site, Middle Pleistocene, human occupation, technical flexibility, Nihewan Basin

中图分类号:

K871

耿帅杰, 裴树文, 杜雨薇, 徐静玥, 叶芷, 刘子仪. 泥河湾盆地蔚县蔡家沟遗址A地点发掘简报[J]. 人类学学报, 2026, 45(03): 500-514.

GENG Shuaijie, PEI Shuwen, DU Yuwei, XU Jingyue, YE Zhi, LIU Ziyi. A preliminary report on the excavation of Caijiagou-A Paleolithic site in Yuxian, Nihewan Basin[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2026, 45(03): 500-514.

图/表 10

图1 蔡家沟遗址地理位置与地层剖面 a, b. 泥河湾盆地的地理位置Geographical location of the Nihewan Basin (senso lato)，a图审图号：GS(2016)1552号；c. 蔡家沟遗址在泥河湾盆地中的位置Location of the Caijiagou site within the Nihewan Basin；d. 蔡家沟遗址区域无人机航拍图（自南向北拍摄）UAV aerial view of the Caijiagou site area (photographed from south to north)；e. 蔡家沟A地点地层剖面柱与遗物埋藏年代Stratigraphic column and burial age of cultural remains at CJG-A site

Fig.1 Geographical location and stratigraphic profile of the Cajiagou site

图2 CJG-A地点出土遗物分布图及现场平面照 B，动物化石Animal fossil；S，石质标本Stone artifact

Fig.2 Distribution of unearthed artifacts and site plan at the Caijiagou-A site

表1 蔡家沟A地点石制品分类型原料统计

Tab.1 Raw material frequencies acccording to lithic type at the Caijiagou-A site

原料Raw materials 类型Types	火山岩Lava		硅质白云岩Dolomite		燧石Chert		石英Quartz		其他Others		总计Total
原料Raw materials 类型Types	数量n	占比%	数量n	占比%	数量n	占比%	数量n	占比%	数量n	占比%	数量n	占比%
剥离类Detached pieces											264	75.6%
完整石片Whole flakes	136	49.8%	13	30.2%	4	33.3%	3	37.5%	3	23.1%	159	45.6%
碎片Flake fragments	21	7.7%	4	9.3%	3	25%	0	0	2	15.4%	30	8.6%
断块Chunks	47	17.2%	15	34.9%	3	25%	3	37.5%	6	46.2%	74	21.2%
剥片类Flaked pieces											70	20.1%
石核Cores	25	9.2%	4	9.3%	0	0	1	12.5%	0	0	30	8.3%
石器Retouched tools	34	12.5%	5	11.6%	1	8.3%	1	12.5%	0	0	41	11.7%
打击类Pounded pieces											2	0.6%
石锤Hammerstones	1	0.4%	1	2.3%	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0.6%
天然类Unmodified pieces											13	3.7%
砾石Cobbles	2	0.7%	1	2.3%	1	8.3%	0	0	0	0	3	0.9%
岩块Blocks	8	2.9%	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	15.4%	10	2.9%
总计Total	273	78.2%	43	12.3%	12	3.4%	8	2.3%	13	3.7%	349	100%

表2 蔡家沟A地点石制品大小与质量统计

Tab.2 Size and mass of the stone artifacts from the Caijiagou-A site

大小与质量Size & Mass→ 石制品类型Types↓	最大长Length (mm)				质量Mass (g)
大小与质量Size & Mass→ 石制品类型Types↓	最小值Min	最大值Max	平均值Mean	SD	最小值Min	最大值Max	平均值Mean	SD
石核Cores(n=30)	28.4	133.5	68.2	24.5	11.1	896.2	219.7	221.2
石器Retouched tools(n=41)	8.8	85.2	38.2	18.2	0.4	166.4	33.4	37.1
完整石片Whole flakes(n=159)	13.3	81.9	32.6	13.4	1	123.6	15.6	20.6
碎片Flake fragments(n=30)	13.6	50.6	23.8	8.3	0.3	27.6	3.8	5.4
断块Chunks(n=74)	12.9	78.7	36.4	15.8	0.5	136	22.5	28
石锤Hammerstones(n=2)	66.4	80.5	73.5	9.9	185.9	252.2	219.1	46.9

图3 蔡家沟A地点石片技术指标 a. 尺寸Dimension of flakes；b.形状特征Flake shape；c.类型Flake types；d.背面片疤分布模式Dorsal scar patterns

Fig.3 Technical indicators of whole flakes at CJG-A site

图4 蔡家沟A地点出土的部分石片 1-2. CJG-A:368、CJG-A:715，IV型/ Flake Type IV；3. CJG-A:391，II型/ Flake Type II；4-5, 7-8. CJG-A:254、CJG-A:191、CJG-A:734、CJG-A:383，VI型/ Flake Type VI；6, 9-13. CJG-A:038、CJG-A:618、CJG-A:620、CJG-A:379、CJG-A:205、CJG-A:798，V型/ Flake Type V

Fig.4 Selected flakes from CJG-A site

图5 蔡家沟A地点出土的部分石核、石锤及砸击品 1-3. CJG-A192、CJG-A189、CJG-A553，盘状剥片Discoid；4-5. CJG-A037、CJG-A213，多台面剥片Multificial；6. CJG-A376，单面陡钝对向剥片Unifacial abrupt bidirectional exploitation；7. CJG-A365，两面外围剥片Bifacial peripheral exploitation；8. CJG-A614，单面向心剥片Unifacial centripetal exploitation；9. CJG-A392，砸击石核Bipolar；10. CJG-A571，石锤Hammerstone

Fig.5 Selected cores, hammerstone and bipolar from CJG-A site

图6 蔡家沟A地点石核技术指标 a.尺寸（原型）Size by blank；b.自然面比Cortex ratios；c.边缘角Edge angles；d.片疤数Number of flake scars

Fig.6 Technical indicators of cores at CJG-A site

图7 蔡家沟A地点出土的石器 1, 3, 5-12. CJG-A:194、CJG-A:693、CJG-A:364、CJG-A:647、CJG-A:230、CJG-A:386、CJG-A:171、CJG-A:082、CJG-A:452、CJG-A:459，刮削器Scraper；2. CJG-A:846，锯齿刃器Denticulate；4, 13-14. CJG-A:049、CJG-A:710、 CJG-A:455，尖状器Point

Fig.7 Selected retouched tools from CJG-A site

图8 蔡家沟A地点出土的部分哺乳动物化石 1. CJG-A: 246，三门马右侧上颌第二臼齿Right M2 of Equus sanmeniensis；2. CJG-A: 507，披毛犀左侧下颌前臼齿Left lower premolar of Coelodonta antiquitatis；3. CJG-A: 875，野牛掌骨远端残Distal metacarpal remain of Bison sp.；4. CJG-A: 104，葛氏斑鹿右侧第二趾节骨Right middle phalanx of Cervus (Sika) grayi；5. CJG-A: 700，啮齿类下颌骨残Mandible remain of Rodentia

Fig.8 Selected faunal specimens from CJG-A site

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泥河湾盆地蔚县蔡家沟遗址A地点发掘简报

A preliminary report on the excavation of Caijiagou-A Paleolithic site in Yuxian, Nihewan Basin

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