地理信息系统在动物考古学研究中的应用： 以贵州马鞍山遗址出土的动物遗存为例

doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0038

人类学学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (03): 407-418.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0038cstr: 32091.14.j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0038

地理信息系统在动物考古学研究中的应用：以贵州马鞍山遗址出土的动物遗存为例

张乐¹^,²^,^*(), 张双权¹^,²^,³, 高星¹^,²^,³

1. 中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室, 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044
2. 中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心, 北京 100044
3. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049

收稿日期:2019-03-04 修回日期:2019-04-23 出版日期:2019-08-15 发布日期:2020-09-10
通讯作者: 张乐
作者简介:张乐（1980-）,黑龙江牡丹江人,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,副研究员,E-Mail： zhangyue@ivpp.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目(41672023);国家自然科学基金面上项目(41772025);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类)(XDB26000000)

Geographic information system in zooarchaeology: A novel technique in analysis of the faunal remains from the Ma’anshan site, Guizhou, China

ZHANG Yue¹^,²^,^*(), ZHANG Shuangquan¹^,²^,³, GAO Xing¹^,²^,³

1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Received:2019-03-04 Revised:2019-04-23 Online:2019-08-15 Published:2020-09-10
Contact: ZHANG Yue

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目前,地理信息系统（GIS）在多学科领域的融合方面已经发挥了极为明显的作用。但是,在动物考古学研究中,尤其是在东亚地区,这一手段的使用还明显有所欠缺。本文尝试将这一技术手段应用于贵州马鞍山遗址(距今约43~16 kaBP)出土动物遗存的研究之中。在上千件石制品与数十件骨制品之外,马鞍山遗址还出土有大量的动物化石,从而使其成为检验与实践地理信息系统的一个良好媒介。本文以ArcGIS软件包中的空间分析工具为技术依托,重点对遗址出土的大型动物（包括Bubalus sp 和 Megatapirus augustus) 的骨骼单元分布模式进行了更为准确的统计与分析。本项研究表明,相对于传统方法而言,GIS系统在大型动物遗存的量化统计方面具有独特而重要的价值;此外,这一技术手段还有望在第四纪其他学科的研究中得到发挥与应用。

关键词: 地理信息系统, 动物考古学, 埋藏学, 马鞍山遗址, 旧石器时代晚期, 生存策略

Abstract:

Geographic Information System has now found its way into many fields of archaeological research; however, its integration with zooarchaeology is only occasionally practiced, especially in China. In this study, we tentatively adopt this technique in an analysis of the faunal remains from the Ma’anshan site(ca.43-16 kaBP), Guizhou Province of China. Associated with thousands of stone artifacts and dozens of formalized bone tools, this site is exceptional in its excellent preservation of a fairly large bone assemblage. With the assistance of a geoprocessing tool from ArcGIS’s Spatial Analyst extension, skeletal remains of Class III animals(including Bubalus sp. and Megatapirus augustus) from the site are quantified in bulk with maximum precision; meanwhile, patterns in bone element abundance of the two species are visually accentuated. The current study indicates that GIS can be a unique and most potent tool in standardizing and simplifying procedures in analyzing animal bones, especially those of extremely large collections from the Paleolithic sites of China.

Key words: Geographic information system, Zooarchaeology, Ma’anshan site, Upper Paleolithic, Subsistence strategies

中图分类号:

Q915

张乐, 张双权, 高星. 地理信息系统在动物考古学研究中的应用：以贵州马鞍山遗址出土的动物遗存为例[J]. 人类学学报, 2019, 38(03): 407-418.

ZHANG Yue, ZHANG Shuangquan, GAO Xing. Geographic information system in zooarchaeology: A novel technique in analysis of the faunal remains from the Ma’anshan site, Guizhou, China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(03): 407-418.

图/表 6

Fig.1 Geographical location of the Ma’anshan site

Fig.2 Schematic illustration of the principle of MNE quantification (a) two mandible fragments of a mammal taxon drawn onto the element, where the MNE count is 1 (although there are two pieces of bone); (b) a third fragment, sharing some identical features with one of the first two bones, is added to the mandible template; (c) the overlapping part between the two fragments(in black colour) now raises the MNE count from 1 to 2

Fig.3 Schematic illustration of the computing process of the Equal to Frequency tool (modified after ESRI, 2014)

Fig.4 The MNE value for humerus of Bubalus sp. from the lower unit of Ma’anshan site

Tab.1 Skeletal element data (NISP, MAU and MAU%) for Class III animals from the upper and lower units of Ma’anshan site. Note: Numbers in columns marked by “*” are values obtained via the traditional method, as published in Zhang et al[29]

	Upper unit						Lower unit
	NISP	MNE	MNE*	MAU	MAU%	MAU%*	NISP	MNE	MNE*	MAU	MAU%	MAU%*
Cranium	66	27	27	6	100	100	80	16	16	8	42.11	48.34
Mandible	7	3	2	1.5	25	16.67	33	8	8	4	21.05	24.17
Rib	51	10	8.32	0.38	6.41	5.33	81	15	11.44	0.58	3.04	2.66
Scapula	2	1	1.1	0.5	8.33	9.17	3	1	0.5	0.5	2.63	1.51
Humerus	32	3	3	1.5	25	25	187	30	23.4	15	78.95	70.69
Radius/Ulna	29	5	4	2.5	41.67	33.33	184	38	33.2	19	100	100
Pelvis	2	1	1	0.5	8.33	8.33	7	4	3	2	10.53	9.06
Femur	13	2	2	1	16.67	16.67	58	13	11.8	6.5	34.21	35.65
Tiba	24	7	6	3.5	58.33	50	107	17	14.86	8.5	44.74	44.89
Astragulus	18	4	4	2	33.33	50	28	12	11	6	31.58	36.25
Metapodial	48	9	8.8	2.25	37.5	36.67	92	16	14.76	4	21.05	22.3
Phalange1	38	20	18.48	2.5	41.67	38.5	16	7	5.52	0.88	4.61	4.15
Phalange2	30	14	12.8	1.75	29.17	26.7	8	7	6	0.88	4.61	4.5
Phalange3	2	2	1.6	0.25	4.17	3.3	0	0	0	0	0	0
Total	362						884

Fig.5 The skeletal element profiles of Class III animals from the upper and lower units at the Ma’anshan site

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地理信息系统在动物考古学研究中的应用：以贵州马鞍山遗址出土的动物遗存为例

Geographic information system in zooarchaeology: A novel technique in analysis of the faunal remains from the Ma’anshan site, Guizhou, China

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地理信息系统在动物考古学研究中的应用： 以贵州马鞍山遗址出土的动物遗存为例

Geographic information system in zooarchaeology: A novel technique in analysis of the faunal remains from the Ma’anshan site, Guizhou, China

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地理信息系统在动物考古学研究中的应用：以贵州马鞍山遗址出土的动物遗存为例