华龙洞1号地点的食肉目哺乳动物化石及其时代和古生态意义

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2025.0064

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

华龙洞遗址为我国长江中下游流域重要的古人类化石地点，发现了若干保存完整的古人类化石和大量的哺乳动物化石。本文系统研究了华龙洞2014~2024年出土的食肉目哺乳动物化石，包括8科14属17种，其中新种华龙林狸Prionodon hualongensis是林狸属首次发现的化石物种。鬣狗化石以最后斑鬣狗为主，指示该地点时代晚于周口店第一地点；但棕熊和金猫的形态结构与周口店第一地点相仿，豺和猪獾的形态比现生种略显原始，硕鬣狗依然遗存，且存在灭绝种华龙林狸和柯氏豹猫。综合这些证据，华龙洞遗址最有可能属于中更新世晚期，与同位素测年的结果相仿。华龙洞动物群以偏林地的广布种（如豺，亚洲黑熊）为主，典型华南组分（如大熊猫，云豹）次之，但也存在典型的华北组分（即棕熊），指示一个以森林为主的镶嵌生境。

关键词: 中更新世晚期, 安徽, 华南, 古人类, 哺乳动物化石

Abstract:

The Hualongdong Hominid Site is an important locality for ancient human fossils in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, where several well-preserved ancient human fossils and many mammal fossils have been discovered. This paper systematically studies the Carnivora fossils excavated from Hualong Cave from 2014 to 2024, including 8 families, 14 genera, and 17 species, including Cuon alpinus, Ursus thibetanus, Ursus arctos, Ailuropoda melanoleuca baconi, Arctonyx cf. collaris, Catopuma teilhardi, Prionailurus kurteni, Prionailurus sp., Panthera tigris, Panthera pardus, Neofelis nebulosa, Prionodon hualongensis sp. nov., Pachycrocuta brevirostris sinensis, Crocuta ultima, Viverra zibetha, Paguma larvata, Urva urva. Felidae are the most diverse family, with six species coexisted, ranging from about 1kg P. kurteni to around 200 kg P. tigris. Ursidae are also diversified, with three species, and two of them, U. thibetanus and A. m. baconi are the two abundant carnivore species in the fauna. Among these species, the newly identified species of linsang (Prionodon hualongensis) is the first fossil species discovered from the genus Prionodon, characteristic by having large body size, robust dentition and mandible, wide m1 protocone and m1 talonid, indicating a diet comprising more hard tissue. The presence of the abundant spotted hyena, indicating that the site is older than Zhoukoudian Loc.1 (very rare and only present in the upmost layer). On the other hand, the morphology of the brown bear and the golden cat is similar to those from the Zhoukoudian Loc.1, and the morphology of the dhole (relatively distinct m1 entoconid) and the hog-nosed badger (relatively large m1 paraconid) appears slightly more primitive than that of modern population. The archaic element giant hyena Pachycrocuta is still present in the locality, and there are also several extinct species, including the Hualong linsang and the Kurten's leopard cat. In summary, the composition and evolutionary level of carnivore guild from the Hualongdong site supports a late Middle Pleistocene age, which aligns with the results of previous dating. The Hualongdong carnivore guild mainly composes of species typical of woodland areas (no specific temperature preference), such as the dhole and the Asian black bear, followed by typical southern China components like the giant panda and the clouded leopard. However, there are also typical North China components, notably the brown bear, indicating a mosaic habitat primarily dominated by forests.

Key words: Late Middle Pleistocene, Anhui, southern China, ancient human, mammal fossil

中图分类号:

Q915.87

江左其杲, 刘博轩, 刘驷统, 贺乐天, 同号文. 华龙洞1号地点的食肉目哺乳动物化石及其时代和古生态意义[J]. 人类学学报, 2025, 44(05): 836-849.

JIANGZUO Qigao, LIU Boxuan, LIU Sitong, HE Letian, TONG Haowen. Fossil carnivora from the Hualongdong Site Loc.1 and their chronological and paleoenvironmental implications[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2025, 44(05): 836-849.

图/表 8

图1 华龙洞的地理位置

Fig.1 The location of Hualongdong Cave

图2 华龙洞的犬科和熊科物种化石 a-d.豺Cuon alpinus；e-g.棕熊Ursus arctos；h-j.黑熊Ursus thibetanus。a.右侧m1，HLD20240514-6；b.左侧m1，18HLD1 T1 009；c. M1, HLD1 T2-B 2020.11.007.2；d. P4, HLD1T2 2023.10.4-001；e. m2, 21HLD1-3-18；f. P4, HLD1 T12018-016；g. m2, HLD202406-04；h. 左侧P4，HLD1 T1 2018-017；i. 右侧m2，17HLD1-T1-009.1；j. 左侧上颌骨，带P4-M2，HLD1 T1 2017-007

Fig.2 Fossil Canidae and Ursidae from Hualongdong Cave

图3 华龙洞的黑熊头骨和下颌 a.头骨cranium，HLD1 30-6；b.下颌mandible，17HLD1-T1-010

Fig.3 Fossil Ursus thibetanus cranium and mandible from Hualongdong Cave

图4 华龙洞的大熊猫上下颌 a.下颌mandible，HLD1 202406-15；b.下颌残段，HLD1 T2 2020.11-016；c.上颌残段，17HLD1-T1-017.1

Fig.4 Fossil Ailuropoda melanoleuca maxilla and mandible from Hualongdong Cave

图5 华龙洞的灵猫科、獴科和鼬科物种化石 a.大灵猫Viverra zibetha, HLD 202406-06，右侧下颌骨。b-c.果子狸Paguma larvata；b. HLD1 T1 2017-004，右侧下颌残段；c. HLP1 T2 2023.10.2-001, M1。d.食蟹獴Urva urva, HLD 20240428-36，P4。e-f.南方猪獾Arctonyx cf. collaris；e. 17HLD1 T1 006.1，左侧M1；f. HLD1 T2-B 2023.10.5.001，左侧m1

Fig.5 Fossil Viverridae, Herpestidae and Mustelidae from Hualongdong Cave

图6 华龙洞的猫科物种化石 a-b.虎Panthera tigris；c-d.云豹Neofelis nebulosa；e.豹Panthera pardus；f.德氏金猫Catopuma temminckii；g.柯氏豹猫Prionailurus kurteni；h-i.豹猫未定种Prionailurus sp.。a. HLD1 T2 B 2023.10.6-003；b. HLD 202406-09；c. HLD1T2-B 2023.10.6-001；d. HLD1T2-B 202406-01；e. 18HLD1 T1 007；f. HLD1-202406-05；g. IVPP V33075；h. HLD 202406-02；i. HLD 202406-03

Fig.6 Fossil Felidae from Hualongdong Cave

图7 华龙洞的林狸科化石与现生种类的对比 a-c.华龙林狸Prionodon hualongensis sp. nov.；d-e.（现生）斑林狸Prionodon pardicolor IOZ30090。a.正型标本HLD202406-08，不完整下颌；b. 副型标本HLD1 T1 2018-057，P4；c. P4，18HLD1 T1 008；d.下颌mandible；e. P4

Fig.7 Fossil Prionodontidae from Hualongdong Cave and its comparison with modern species

图8 华龙洞的鬣狗科物种化石 a, e. 7HLD1-T1-008.3, LD1 T1-B2018-060，最后斑鬣狗Crocuta ultima；b-d. HLD202406-12，HLD202406-13，HLD202406-10；中国短吻硕鬣狗Pachycrocuta brevirostris sinensis

Fig.8 Fossil Hyaenidae from Hualongdong Cave

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