泥河湾盆地蔚县中更新世古人类活动遗址的发现与科学价值

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2026.0027

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

泥河湾盆地作为构建我国更新世环境变化与人类适应的重要区域，其考古发现一直为学术界关注。作为盆地的重要组成部分，蔚县境内保留了丰富的河湖相地层，发现了大量古人类活动遗址，获取了丰富的石制品和动物化石等遗存。蔚县中更新世地层记录了泥河湾古湖发育中后期至消亡的过程，古人类活动于湖滨地貌环境，测年手段指示古人类活动于70万~20万年前。石制品组合表明古人类在远距离获取原料、系统剥片和石器多样化及精致加工方面存在进步特点。动物考古初步分析显示人类行为在多个区域参与了遗址的形成过程，且具备成熟高效的动物资源开发能力。古环境重建指示中更新世超长间冰期（MIS 15~13）与中布容事件（MIS 11）的气候波动与古人类适应方面具有较大研究潜力。蔚县中更新世的考古发现，为完善泥河湾盆地古人类活动年代框、构建百万年人类技术演化史、揭示人类对动物资源的认知与获取能力、探明环境变化与人类对湖滨景观的利用策略等，具有重要的科学意义。

关键词: 人类活动, 考古发现, 中更新世, 蔚县, 泥河湾盆地

Abstract:

Nihewan Basin is considered as a key region for exploring the environmental fluctuation and human adaptations during Pleistocene in China. The discoveries of archaeological sites from the basin are always draw great attention to the public in the research field. Comparing to the investigations and research development from Early and Late Pleistocene in the area, the archaeological sites from Middle Pleistocene still need to be improved. As the main part of the Nihewan Basin (senso lato), the Yuxian subbasin also preserved fluvial and lacustrine Quaternary deposits which can be assigned to the Nihewan Beds during the formation of Nihewan Paleolake. Since the 21st century, many archaeological sites including Qianshangying (QSY), Jijiazhuang (JJZ), Caijiagou (CJG), Yinjiangou (YJG), and Beiguanbu (BGB) from Middle Pleistocene in the Jijiazhuang and Nuanquaan area were achieved, offering a unique opportunity to investigate Middle Pleistocene human adaptations in the Nihewan Basin.

The stratigraphic sequence of Middle Pleistocene from Yuxian subbasin documented the middle to late stages and vanish of the Nihewan paleolake, while early humans occupied in the lake shore environment of the paleolake. ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be burial dating, Electron Spin Resoance (ESR), and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) techniques were carried out to constrain the time interval of 0.7~0.2 Ma of early human occupation. Stone tool assemblages show evidence of relatively long-distance resource procurement, systematic flaking strategy, and the increased number of retouched tools indicate standardized, extensive and refined modification. Preliminary zooarchaeological analysis indicate that early humans seemed to have primary access to animal carcasses and performed as the main agency of the formation of many sites, which demonstrate the early humans possessed the abilities of the systematic and effective exploitation of animal resources. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions imply that the relationship between climatic fluctuations of extra-long duration of interglacial or mild stadial climate events (MISs 15~13) and Mid-Brunhes Event (MBE) may be great potential research topics in the future.

It can be inferred that the archaeological discoveries from Middle Pleistocene in Yuxian subbasin will help to build the chronological framework and million years of technological evolutionary history of early humans in the Nihewan Basin. In addition, these archaeological investigations will also bear great significance for exploring the cognitive and acquisition capabilities of animal resources, how environmental change affect the behavioral strategies adapted to the lake shore landscape of hominins in the Nihewan Basin.

Key words: Human occupation, archaeological discovery, Middle Pleistocene, Yuxian county, Nihewan Basin

中图分类号:

K871

裴树文, 牛东伟, 马东东. 泥河湾盆地蔚县中更新世古人类活动遗址的发现与科学价值[J]. 人类学学报, 2026, 45(03): 403-418.

PEI Shuwen, NIU Dongwei, MA Dongdong. Discovery and scientific value of the Middle Pleistocene archaeological sites in the Nihewan Basin (Yuxian)[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2026, 45(03): 403-418.

图/表 4

图1 泥河湾盆地蔚县重要中更新世遗址地理位置图 a-b.泥河湾盆地地理位置Geographic location of the Nihewan Basin；c.蔚县暖泉与吉家庄台地及摩天岭遗址地理置Location of Nuanquan and Jijiazhuang Platform as well as Motianling site；d.暖泉台地重要遗址位置Location of several sites in the Nuanquan Platform； e.吉家庄台地重要遗址位置Location of key sites in the Jijiazhuang Platform。MTL.摩天岭遗址；SZP.砂子坡遗址；BGB.北官堡遗址；YJG.饮涧沟遗址；CJG.蔡家沟遗址；JJZ.吉家庄遗址；QSY.前上营遗址。a.审图号: GS(2016)1594号

Fig.1 Geographic location of key Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin

表1 蔚县中更新世遗址信息

Tab.1 Main feature of Middle Pleistocene sites from Yuxian

遗址Site	地理位置Location	地理坐标Coordinate	发现/发掘年份Year discovered/excavated	年代Age (Ma)	测年方法 Dating methods	发掘面积 Area excavated (m²)	出土遗物Archaeological specimen(n)		文献References
遗址Site	地理位置Location	地理坐标Coordinate	发现/发掘年份Year discovered/excavated	年代Age (Ma)	测年方法 Dating methods	发掘面积 Area excavated (m²)	石制品Lithics	化石fossils	文献References
前上营A/ QSY-A	吉家庄镇前上营村前沟	40°01′19″N, 114°51′42″E	2003/ (2015, 2017)	0.65±0.08	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	108	953	1922	[35]
前上营B/ QSY-B	吉家庄镇前上营村前沟	40°01′21″N, 114°51′46″E	2015/2015	0.429±0.039	ESR	28	266	215	[35,36]
前上营C/ QSY-C	吉家庄镇前上营村前沟	40°01′20″N, 114°51′46″E	2015/2017	Q₂	地层对比	10	27	52
前上营D/ QSY-D	吉家庄镇前上营村前沟	40°01′21″N, 114°51′43″E	2015/2017	Q₂	地层对比	10	18	40
吉家庄A/ JJZ-A	吉家庄镇四村北	40°01′25″N, 114°51′11″E	2016/2016	Q₂	地层对比	18	15	40	[37]
吉家庄B/ JJZ-B	吉家庄镇四村北	40°01′25″N, 114°51′15″E	2003/ (2016, 2018)	0.49~0.63	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	42	169	225	[37-39]
吉家庄C/ JJZ-C	吉家庄镇四村北	40°01′18″N, 114°51′14″E	2016/2016	Q₂	地层对比	20	2	1	[37]
吉家庄D/ JJZ-D	吉家庄镇四村北	40°01′41″N, 114°51′01″E	2016/2016	Q₂	地层对比	16	12	17	[37]
吉家庄E/ JJZ-E	吉家庄镇四村北	40°01′19″N, 114°51′02″E	2003/ (2018, 2019)	Q₂	地层对比	50	59	181	[37]
蔡家沟A/ CJG-A	吉家庄镇三村西北	40°01′45″N, 114°50′56″E	(2003, 2017) /2019	Q₂	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	30	344	533	[40]
蔡家沟B/ CJG-B	吉家庄镇三村西北	40°01′47″N, 114°50′57″E	(2003, 2017)/(2019, 2020)	0.47~0.64	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	20	104	295	[33]
蔡家沟C/ CJG-C	吉家庄镇三村西北	40°01′46″N, 114°50′58″E	(2003, 2017)/(2020, 2021)	0.56~0.75	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	50	348	939	[33]
摩天岭/ MTL	北水泉镇细玄子村	40°10′59″N, 114°41′31″E	1992/2002	0.315	OSL	53	>49	146	[25,32]
饮涧沟/ YJG	暖泉镇风水庄村	39°48′36′N, 114°26′35′E	2019/(2020, 2022, 2024-2025)	~0.5	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	100	1964	4793	[34]
北官堡A/ BGB-A	暖泉镇北官堡村北	39°48′37″N, 114°25′55″E	2019/ (2022-2023)	0.18~0.21	OSL	15	2516	2338	[34]
北官堡B/ BGB-B	暖泉镇北官堡村北	39°48′37″N, 114°25′56″E	2019/ (2022-2024)	0.21~0.22	OSL	32	1081	1926	[34]
砂子坡/ SZP	暖泉镇砂子坡村东沟	39°48′51″N, 114°25′30″E	2017/	Q₂	地层对比				[33]

表1 蔚县中更新世遗址信息

Tab.1 Main feature of Middle Pleistocene sites from Yuxian

遗址Site	地理位置Location	地理坐标Coordinate	发现/发掘年份Year discovered/excavated	年代Age (Ma)	测年方法 Dating methods	发掘面积 Area excavated (m²)	出土遗物Archaeological specimen(n)		文献References
遗址Site	地理位置Location	地理坐标Coordinate	发现/发掘年份Year discovered/excavated	年代Age (Ma)	测年方法 Dating methods	发掘面积 Area excavated (m²)	石制品Lithics	化石fossils	文献References
前上营A/ QSY-A	吉家庄镇前上营村前沟	40°01′19″N, 114°51′42″E	2003/ (2015, 2017)	0.65±0.08	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	108	953	1922	[35]
前上营B/ QSY-B	吉家庄镇前上营村前沟	40°01′21″N, 114°51′46″E	2015/2015	0.429±0.039	ESR	28	266	215	[35,36]
前上营C/ QSY-C	吉家庄镇前上营村前沟	40°01′20″N, 114°51′46″E	2015/2017	Q₂	地层对比	10	27	52
前上营D/ QSY-D	吉家庄镇前上营村前沟	40°01′21″N, 114°51′43″E	2015/2017	Q₂	地层对比	10	18	40
吉家庄A/ JJZ-A	吉家庄镇四村北	40°01′25″N, 114°51′11″E	2016/2016	Q₂	地层对比	18	15	40	[37]
吉家庄B/ JJZ-B	吉家庄镇四村北	40°01′25″N, 114°51′15″E	2003/ (2016, 2018)	0.49~0.63	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	42	169	225	[37-39]
吉家庄C/ JJZ-C	吉家庄镇四村北	40°01′18″N, 114°51′14″E	2016/2016	Q₂	地层对比	20	2	1	[37]
吉家庄D/ JJZ-D	吉家庄镇四村北	40°01′41″N, 114°51′01″E	2016/2016	Q₂	地层对比	16	12	17	[37]
吉家庄E/ JJZ-E	吉家庄镇四村北	40°01′19″N, 114°51′02″E	2003/ (2018, 2019)	Q₂	地层对比	50	59	181	[37]
蔡家沟A/ CJG-A	吉家庄镇三村西北	40°01′45″N, 114°50′56″E	(2003, 2017) /2019	Q₂	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	30	344	533	[40]
蔡家沟B/ CJG-B	吉家庄镇三村西北	40°01′47″N, 114°50′57″E	(2003, 2017)/(2019, 2020)	0.47~0.64	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	20	104	295	[33]
蔡家沟C/ CJG-C	吉家庄镇三村西北	40°01′46″N, 114°50′58″E	(2003, 2017)/(2020, 2021)	0.56~0.75	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	50	348	939	[33]
摩天岭/ MTL	北水泉镇细玄子村	40°10′59″N, 114°41′31″E	1992/2002	0.315	OSL	53	>49	146	[25,32]
饮涧沟/ YJG	暖泉镇风水庄村	39°48′36′N, 114°26′35′E	2019/(2020, 2022, 2024-2025)	~0.5	²⁶Al/¹⁰Be	100	1964	4793	[34]
北官堡A/ BGB-A	暖泉镇北官堡村北	39°48′37″N, 114°25′55″E	2019/ (2022-2023)	0.18~0.21	OSL	15	2516	2338	[34]
北官堡B/ BGB-B	暖泉镇北官堡村北	39°48′37″N, 114°25′56″E	2019/ (2022-2024)	0.21~0.22	OSL	32	1081	1926	[34]
砂子坡/ SZP	暖泉镇砂子坡村东沟	39°48′51″N, 114°25′30″E	2017/	Q₂	地层对比				[33]

图2 蔚县中更新世遗址出土部分石制品 a.石片Flakes：1. JJZ-B503，Ⅵ型石片/Flake Type VI；2, 6, 9. CJG-A038, QSY-B065, CJG-A798，V型石片/Flake Type V；3. CJG-A391，Ⅱ型石片/Flake Type II；4. JJZ-B409，Ⅵ型-长型石片/Flake Type VI, elongate flake；5. QSY-B-060，Ⅵ型石片-使用痕迹/Flake Type VI, flake with use-wear；7. JJZ-B011，石核边缘石片Core edge flake；8. QSY-B-384，Ⅲ型石片/Flake Type III；10. QSY-B-301，Ⅳ型石片-使用痕迹/Flake Type IV, flake with use-wear。b.石核与砸击品Cores and bipolar：1, 2. QSY-B161, CJG-A553，盘状石核Discoid；3. JJZ-E085，单向单面剥片石核Unidirectional and unifacial core；4. CJG-A392，砸击石核Bipolar core；5. QSY-B189，准石球Sub-spheroid。c.石器和石锤Retouched tools hammerstones：1, 2. QSY-B281, CJG-A386，锯齿刃器Denticulate；3. QSY-B302，刮削器Scraper；4, 5. JJZ-B088, CJG-A710，石钻Borer；6. QSY-B169，汇聚型石器Convergent tool；7. JJZ-B003，带石锤使用痕迹的陡刃刮削器Abrupt scraper with battered hammerstone；8. CJG-A571，石锤Hammerstone

Fig.2 Select lithic artifacts from Middle Pleistocene sites in Yuxian

图3 蔚县中更新世遗址出土人工痕迹动物化石 1.蔡家沟遗址带切割痕迹骨片Animal bone with cut marks from Caijiagou site；2.前上营遗址带切割痕迹标本Specimen with cut marks from the Qianshangying site；3.饮涧沟遗址出土骨器Bone tool from the Yinjiangou site；4.左-保留食肉动物咬痕与砍砸痕迹的颈椎，右-左图方框内部砸击痕迹放大Left-Cervical vertebra with carnivore tooth marks and percussion marks, right- Close-up of percussion marks from the boxed area in the left figure；5.蔡家沟遗址动物骨骼化石上的砍砸痕迹Percussion marks observed on animal bone from the Caijiagou site

Fig.3 Select animal fossils with human modification marks from Middle Pleistocene sites in Yuxian

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